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All Journal Rubikon: Journal of Transnational American Studies FIAT JUSTISIA: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Society
Fauzi, Wajid
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Humanities Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences

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Volatilitas Kebijakan dan Tantangan Normatif: Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat di Suriah (2011–2024) dan Rekonfigurasi Tata Kelola Global Fauzi, Wajid; Adi, Ida Rochani; Hindun, Hindun
Society Vol 13 No 2 (2025): Society
Publisher : Laboratorium Rekayasa Sosial, Jurusan Sosiologi, FISIP Universitas Bangka Belitung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33019/society.v13i2.950

Abstract

The Syrian conflict, ongoing since 2011, has revealed the volatility of American foreign policy and raised critical normative questions for global governance. This article examines the trajectory of U.S. engagement in Syria from 2011 to 2024, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between evolving policy strategies and international norms. Utilizing a qualitative case study design that combines document analysis and process tracing, the study identifies three major phases: Obama’s ambivalent interventionism, Trump’s pragmatic retrenchment, and Biden’s selective return to multilateralism. The findings demonstrate that domestic political polarization, geopolitical rivalries involving Russia, Iran, and Turkey, and normative tensions surrounding sovereignty and humanitarian protection collectively shaped U.S. policy volatility. These oscillations undermined America’s credibility as a consistent norm entrepreneur, contributing to the erosion of unipolar governance structures. Consequently, the Syrian conflict has accelerated a transition toward multipolar and fragmented global governance, in which non-Western powers and non-state actors increasingly influence outcomes. The article argues that addressing policy volatility and normative fragmentation requires deeper engagement with regional powers and non-state actors while reinforcing multilateral frameworks to manage protracted crises in an era of multipolarity.
American Power in Syria: Ideology, Sovereignty, and Human Rights in the Perspective of International Law Fauzi, Wajid; Rochani, Ida; Hindun, Hindun
Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Vol. 19 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Universitas Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v19no3.4554

Abstract

The Syrian crisis, which began in 2011 and continues to influence global politics, offers a key case for examining American power. This article explores the ideological and discursive foundations of U.S. involvement, situating it within American Exceptionalism and analyzing it through a Foucauldian framework. The study combines a normative legal approach with critical discourse analysis, drawing on primary sources such as the UN Charter, Security Council resolutions, and U.S. policy documents, along with secondary literature and think-tank reports. Findings show that U.S. intervention is framed through narratives of democracy promotion, humanitarian protection, and global security, which serve to legitimize action. Using Foucault’s concepts of power/knowledge, governmentality, and biopolitics, the study demonstrates that the U.S. not only exercises military force but also shapes global perceptions and constructs regimes of truth. From a transnational legal perspective, these actions reveal tensions between sovereignty and humanitarian imperatives and highlight gaps and asymmetries in international law. The article is novel in integrating ideology, sovereignty, and human rights to show how U.S. actions in Syria reshape the interpretation and application of international law.
DYNAMICS OF CHANGE IN UNITED STATES POLICY IN THE SYRIAN CRISIS: ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSITION FROM DIPLOMACY TO INTERVENTION Fauzi, Wajid; Rochani Adi, Ida; Hindun, Hindun
Rubikon : Journal of Transnational American Studies Vol 12, No 2 (2025)
Publisher : Pengkajian Amerika, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/rubikon.v12i2.111358

Abstract

The United States' policy toward the Syrian crisis (2011-2019) was marked by a significant and often inconsistent transition from diplomatic caution to direct military intervention. This article analyzes the dynamics of this policy evolution, moving beyond traditional state-centric explanations to examine the influence of cross-border flows. It argues that the transition was not a linear progression but a reactive and fragmented process driven by the interplay of three key factors: the failure of established international diplomatic mechanisms to resolve the conflict; the transnationalization of the threat landscape with the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS); and the powerful, albeit fluctuating, influence of global media narratives depicting humanitarian atrocities. This study maps the critical junctures that compelled policy recalibration by employing a qualitative process-tracing methodology and discourse analysis of official documents, presidential statements, and media reports. The findings demonstrate that key decisions from the "red line" ultimatum to the initiation of Operation Inherent Resolve were profoundly shaped by forces that transcended national borders, forcing policymakers to react to non-state actors, global information flows, and normative pressures. The research embodies an analytical and process-oriented approach that systematically investigates the evolution of US foreign policy during the Syrian crisis, emphasizing the underlying dynamics that prompted the transition from diplomatic engagement to direct intervention.
Co-Authors Hindun, Hindun Ida Rochani Adi Rochani Adi, Ida Rochani, Ida