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The 1961 vienna convention implementations on eradicating structural discrimination of diplomatic corps towards the protection of female diplomats rights Serera, Aulia Yuti; Azzaulfa, Anisa; Anhari, Radifan; Riandy, Ervin
Priviet Social Sciences Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Privietlab

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55942/pssj.v6i1.1281

Abstract

The role of female diplomats on the international stage has increased significantly over the last two decades. However, the role of female diplomats remains limited in some areas, such as human rights, international peace, and climate change. They also play a limited role as negotiators, facilitators, and policy designers. This condition leads to the structural discrimination faced by female diplomats. The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (VCDR) was formulated to grant all diplomats, including female diplomats, the protection of diplomatic functions and the official status of diplomats. This research adopts a normative-empirical approach to analyze how the implementation of the 1961 VCDR eradicates the structural discrimination of the diplomatic corps towards the protection of the rights of female diplomats. The research findings show that women’s involvement in diplomacy still faces a significant gap in terms of numbers and levels assigned. Female diplomats also face the risk of gender violation and harassment. The 1961 VCDR was formulated as a gender-neutral foundation for diplomatic protection, which means it lacks specific provisions on gender-based discrimination or violence. Consequently, addressing issues such as unequal postings and promotions heavily relies on national policies, labor laws, and international human rights instruments such as CEDAW, rather than the 1961 VCDR directly. The empowerment of female diplomats requires a multi-faceted approach involving both normative efforts and structural reforms.
Fulfillment of the Right to Education in Border Areas: A Juridical Review of the Implementation of the Right to Basic Education in Temajuk District, Sambas Regency Itasari, Endah Rantau; Anhari, Radifan
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 24 No. 1 (2025): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v24i2.6585

Abstract

This study explores the fulfillment of the right to basic education in Temajuk Subdistrict, a border area in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Despite strong legal frameworks such as the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 20 of 2003, and international commitments under the ICESCR, the actual implementation faces significant challenges. Using a combined normative and empirical juridical approach, the research analyzes regulations and incorporates interviews with local stakeholders. Findings show limited educational facilities serving approximately 2,687 residents, poor infrastructure, inadequate supporting resources, and difficult access due to challenging geography and transportation. High teacher turnover and a curriculum misaligned with local needs further hinder education quality. Additionally, the lack of specific regional regulations and weak coordination among agencies obstruct effective policy execution. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted government intervention, improved infrastructure, better teacher support, localized curricula, and strengthened inter-agency collaboration. Enhancing government responsiveness and involving local communities are essential to achieving equitable, quality education in Temajuk and fulfilling Indonesia’s constitutional and international educational obligations in border areas.