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All Journal Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Journal of Innovative and Creativity
Anhari, Radifan
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Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Mathematics Social Sciences Other

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Baselines Issues In Determining The Delimitation Of Indonesia's Maritime Boundaries With Neighboring States Purwanti, Evi; Anhari, Radifan
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 24 No. 1 (2025): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v24i2.6493

Abstract

Maritime boundaries play a strategic role in determining a state's sovereignty limits, managing natural resources, and maintaining national security and stability. The establishment of a baseline is a crucial element in maritime boundary delimitation, especially for archipelagic states such as Indonesia. This study aims to identify the legal effects of the baseline and analyze the challenges Indonesia faces in applying the maritime delimitation provisions under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Based on the analysis, the findings reveal two primary factors influencing Indonesia's application of baseline provisions under UNCLOS 1982. First, the supporting factors include: the legal certainty of a maximum 12-nautical-mile territorial sea; the legal guarantee for the exploration and exploitation of marine natural resources that better fulfills the element of equity for developing countries; and UNCLOS 1982’s flexibility in accommodating the geographical and geological uniqueness of coastal states through various baseline classifications and state types. Second, there are challenges in implementation, including: vague interpretations of several UNCLOS provisions, which lead to divergent state practices in drawing baselines; the absence of sanctions or formal reprimands for violations, leaving such deviations uncorrected unless resolved through international adjudication; and technical inconsistencies in determining maritime boundary coordinates, which complicate consensus between neighboring states. This study underscores the importance of adopting innovative legal approaches and enhancing coordination among national and international institutions to ensure the legitimate and sustainable enforcement of Indonesia’s maritime boundaries.
Fulfillment of the Right to Education in Border Areas: A Juridical Review of the Implementation of the Right to Basic Education in Temajuk District, Sambas Regency Itasari, Endah Rantau; Anhari, Radifan
Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum Vol. 24 No. 1 (2025): Pena Justisia
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pekalongan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31941/pj.v24i2.6585

Abstract

This study explores the fulfillment of the right to basic education in Temajuk Subdistrict, a border area in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Despite strong legal frameworks such as the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 20 of 2003, and international commitments under the ICESCR, the actual implementation faces significant challenges. Using a combined normative and empirical juridical approach, the research analyzes regulations and incorporates interviews with local stakeholders. Findings show limited educational facilities serving approximately 2,687 residents, poor infrastructure, inadequate supporting resources, and difficult access due to challenging geography and transportation. High teacher turnover and a curriculum misaligned with local needs further hinder education quality. Additionally, the lack of specific regional regulations and weak coordination among agencies obstruct effective policy execution. The study highlights the urgent need for targeted government intervention, improved infrastructure, better teacher support, localized curricula, and strengthened inter-agency collaboration. Enhancing government responsiveness and involving local communities are essential to achieving equitable, quality education in Temajuk and fulfilling Indonesia’s constitutional and international educational obligations in border areas.
Integrasi Prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional Dalam Penguatan Kapabilitas Pertahanan Dan Strategi Keamanan Maritim Di Wilayah Perbatasan Natuna Dan Tanjung Datu Anhari, Radifan; Serera, Aulia Yuti; Azzaulfa, Annisa; Riandy, Ervin
Journal of Innovative and Creativity Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Pahlawan Tuanku Tambusai

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Abstract

Permasalahan perbatasan maritim Indonesia, khususnya di Natuna dan Tanjung Datu, tidak hanya menyangkut delimitasi wilayah dan eksploitasi sumber daya, tetapi juga pertahanan dan keamanan yang terkait Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Operasi pengamanan laut harus memperhatikan asas proportionality, necessity, dan protection of civilians. Koordinasi antar-institusi, modernisasi armada, sistem pemantauan maritim, dan diplomasi hukum menjadi penting untuk mencegah eskalasi konflik, melindungi warga sipil, dan menjaga stabilitas kawasan secara hukum internasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif untuk menelaah penerapan prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional dalam kebijakan pertahanan maritim Indonesia di Natuna dan Tanjung Datu. Fokus pada batasan penggunaan kekuatan militer dan perlindungan warga sipil. Analisis dilakukan melalui studi perundang-undangan, literatur, dan publikasi resmi internasional, serta dianalisis secara deskriptif-analitis dan interpretatif-normatif untuk menilai kesesuaian kebijakan pertahanan dengan Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Hasil penelitian ini, Penerapan prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional di Natuna dan Tanjung Datu menekankan diskriminasi, proporsionalitas, dan perlindungan warga sipil, sehingga operasi militer hanya menarget sasaran sah. Aparat menggunakan patroli gabungan, teknologi pengawasan, dan koordinasi dengan masyarakat serta negara tetangga. HHI membatasi penggunaan kekuatan militer dengan menekankan tindakan preventif, proporsional, dan koordinatif, didukung modernisasi sarana, pelatihan gabungan, dan sistem komando terpadu. Penerapan asas HHI memperkuat kebijakan pertahanan melalui pengawasan teknologi, kerja sama lintas lembaga, keterlibatan masyarakat, dan kolaborasi bilateral, menjaga stabilitas wilayah, perlindungan warga sipil, dan efektivitas pertahanan secara berkelanjutan
Co-Authors Azzaulfa, Annisa Endah Rantau Itasari, Endah Purwanti, Evi Riandy, Ervin Serera, Aulia Yuti