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S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Veterinary

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THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS AND MOULDS IN STORED COCOA BEANS AT SOUTH SULAWESI S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY
BIOTROPIA No. 12 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.12.147

Abstract

Surveys on postharvest handling and technology processing of cocoa beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels in South Sulawesi were conducted together with investigations on moisture content, pest infestation (insect and mould) and quality characteristics in terms of reducing sugar, free amino acid and free fatty acid content. Surveys were conducted during dry (July 1997) and wet seasons (February 1998) in three regencies (Pinrang, Polewali-Mamasa and Luwu) and Ujung Pandang, South Sulawesi province. Interviews were carried out during surveys in the dry season. Number of respondents from farmers, trailers and exporters was 38, 15 and 5, respectively. In each season, number of samples taken from farmers, traders and exporters was 9, 21 and 15, respectively. In general, farmers, traders and exporters did not carry out postharvest handling and technology processing properly. Moisture  content of cocoa beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (7.5%). Moisture content of cocoa beans collected during the wet season was higher than in the dry season. Insects were found on cocoa beans collected from traders and exporters. Species composition and the presence of each insect species were varied among the two seasons, but the predominant species was Tribolium castaneum. At trader level the percentage of insect-damaged beans during the wet season was higher than that during the dry season, while at exporter level it was lower. During the two seasons the percentage of mouldy beans at farmer level was lower than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (4%), while those from some samples at trader and exporter levels were higher than 4%, but based on the direct plating method, all of the samples at trader and exporter levels were mouldy. Species composition and the percentage of beans infected by each mould species at farmer, trader and exporter levels during the two seasons were varied. The percentage of mouldy beans increased at trader and exporter levels. The predominant moulds were Aspergillus flaws, Eurotium amstelodami, E. chevalieri and Penicillium citrinum. The predominant mould at farmer level during wet season was Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Reducing sugar and free amino acid content of cocoa beans collected during the dry season was higher than those collected during the wet season, either at farmer, trader or exporter levels. Free fatty acid content of cocoa beans tends to be higher during the wet season than the dry season at the three levels.Keywords: Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content/In-sect/Mould/Reducing sugars/Free amino acids/Free fatty acids/Cocoa/South Sulawesi.
INTEGRATED USE OF NEOCHETINA BRUCHI AND ALTERNARIA EICHHORNIAE IN CONTROLLING WATER HYACINTH S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; KASNO, KASNO; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; PUTRJ, ASMARINA S.R.; HANDAYANI, HERI S.
BIOTROPIA No. 13 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (327.044 KB) | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.13.151

Abstract

The study on the integrated use of the chevroned water hyacinth weevil (Neochetina bruchi Mustache) and the water hyacinth blight disease  (Alternaria eichhorniae Nag Raj & Ponnappa) in suppressing water hyacinth growth was carried out under field conditions at Situ Bagendit lake, Garut, West Java. The objectives of this study were (I) to investigate whether the combined use of the two control agents produced a better effect in suppressing water hyacinth growth, (ii) to evaluate whether there is a change in oviposition and feeding habit of the chevroned water hyacinth weevil if the water hyacinth is seriously infected by  A. eichhorniae, and (iii) to evaluate the progress of weevil establishment in the field. The following results were obtained:(1) The concentration of Tween 80 which did not interfere with spore germination was 3%.(2) There was no difference between distilled water and 1% Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) as a medium for fungal spores production.(3) The combined use of chevroned water hyacinth weevil and the water hyacinth blight produces a better suppressing on water hyacinth growth.(4) There was no significant effect of heavy infection by the water hyacinth blight on oviposition habit of chevroned water hyacinth weevil. Heavy fungal infection only affected feeding habit of the adult chevroned water hyacinth weevil.(5) Establishment of the chevroned water hyacinth weevil is in progress at Situ Bagendit lake, Garut regency, West Java.
THE OCCURRENCE OF INSECTS, FUNGI AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS IN STORED COFFEE BEANS IN LAMPUNG S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; RETNOWATI, INA; AMAD, MUHAMMAD
BIOTROPIA No. 14 (1999)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.1999.0.14.154

Abstract

A survey on postharvest handling and technology processing of coffee beans at farmer, trader and exporter levels was conducted in West Lampung and Tanggamus regencies of Lampung province during harvest time (July 1998). Interviews and sampling of coffee beans were carried out during the survey. The number of respondents at farmer, trader and exporter  levels was 22, 20 and 4, respectively, while the number of samples collected from each level was 20. All samples were analyzed for moisture content, physical quality, insect and fungal infestation, reducing sugar content, and coffee cupping. The results of the interviews indicated that postharvest handling and technology processing became better from farmers to exporters. Moisture contents of coffee beans collected from farmers and traders were higher than the tolerable limit recommended by SNI (13%). Physical quality of coffee beans collected from exporters was higher than that collected from farmers and traders. Insects were found on coffee beans collected from farmers, traders and exporters, but the number of species and the percentage of samples infested by insects from each level were relatively low. The predominant species was Liposcelis entomophila. The number of fungal species on coffee beans collected from farmers was higher than  that collected from traders and exporters. The predominant species at the three levels was Aspergillus niger, but the lowest percentage of beans infected by this fungus was found on coffee beans collected from exporters. The lowest percentage of samples infected by all fungi was also found on coffee beans collected from exporters. Reducing sugar content of coffee beans collected from exporters was lower than that from farmers and traders. Aroma and flavor values tended to increase from farmers through traders to exporters, while the body decreased. Some off-flavors (i.e. earthy, mouldy, fermented and woody) were encountered in a few coffee samples from farmers as well as from traders. There was no off-flavor encountered in the coffee samples from exporters. Key words:    Stored products pests/Postharvest handling/Technology processing/Moisture content Physical quality/Insect/Fungi/Reducing sugars/Coffee cupping/Coffee/ Lampung.
STORED COCOA BEANS QUALITY AFFECTED BY FERMENTATION AND EPHESTIA CAUTELLA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: PHYCITIDAE) INFESTATION S. DHARMAPUTRA, OKKY; SUNJAYA, SUNJAYA; RETNOWATI, INA; AMBARWATI, SANTI
BIOTROPIA No. 15 (2000)
Publisher : SEAMEO BIOTROP

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11598/btb.2000.0.15.159

Abstract

The effects of fermentation on Ephestia cautella population and cocoa beans quality in terms of moisture content, fungal population, the percentage of insect-damaged and mouldy beans, lipid and free fatty acid contents during storage were investigated together with the effects of £. cautella infestation on the quality of stored cocoa beans and weight loss. Fermented and unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% were placed in ventilated plastic jars (Ikg/jar) and stored for 6 months under room conditions. Seven larvae of £. cautella instar IV (2 males and 5 females) were introduced in each jar at the beginning of storage. Untreated jars contained only cocoa beans. Population of £. cautella on fermented cocoa beans with either initial moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The population either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 7% was lower than that of 9%, and the population of all treatments increased during storage. Moisture content of all treatments either on cocoa beans with initial moisture contents of 7 or 9% had the same pattern. The percentage of insect-damaged beans on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented cocoa beans after 5 to 6 months of storage. The damaged beans on fermented cocoa after 6 months of storage was not different than on unfermented beans after 4 months of storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans with initial moisture content of 9% was higher than that with initial moisture content of 7%. The weight loss on fermented cocoa beans either with moisture content of 7 or 9% was lower than that on unfermented beans during storage. The weight loss either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans increased during storage. The percentage of mouldy beans on cocoa infested with £. cautella tended to increase during storage, while on beans not infested with the insect it fluctuated during storage. The highest percentage of mouldy beans was on unfermented and infested cocoa beans. Twenty-one fungal species were isolated from all treatments of cocoa beans during storage. The total fungal population on fermented and unfermented beans had the same pattern. The population on fermented cocoa beans was lower than that on unfermented beans. Total l ipid content on fermented cocoa beans either infested or not with £. cautella having initial moisture content of 7 or 9%, was lower than that of unfermented beans. The content either on fermented or unfermented cocoa beans and either infested or not decreased during storage. Free fatty acid content on cocoa beans infested with £.  cautella was higher and significantly different than that on not infested. The content for both types increased during storage. Key Words :   Cocoa beans / Fermentation / Ephestia cautella I Moisture content / Fungal population / Insect-damaged beans / Mouldy beans / Lipid / Free fatty acid.
Co-Authors AMAD, MUHAMMAD HANDAYANI, HERI S. Ina Retnowati Kasno Kasno PUTRJ, ASMARINA S.R. Santi Ambarwati Sunjaya Sunjaya