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All Journal EDUCATIONE: Journal of Education Research and Review
Immanuel Christian Pontorondo
Politeknik Negeri Manado
Education Social Sciences

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LEGAL PROTECTION FOR TOURISTS IN AIR-TRAVEL TOUR PACKAGES IN INDONESIA: MAPPING AIRLINE RIGHTS–OBLIGATIONS AND THE NEED FOR JOINT LIABILITY STANDARDS Diane Tangian; Bernadain Dainty Polii; Immanuel Christian Pontorondo; Bervie Fransel Rondonuwu
EDUCATIONE Volume 4, Issue 1, January 2026
Publisher : CV. TOTUS TUUS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59397/edu.v4i1.184

Abstract

Air transportation is the backbone of tourist mobility in Indonesia, particularly within tour packages that bundle flights, accommodation, and destination activities. When disruptions occur—such as delays, cancellations, schedule changes, or overbooking—tourists often suffer “chain losses,” including forfeited hotel bookings and prepaid activities. Although Indonesia has sectoral legal instruments (aviation, tourism, and consumer protection), responsibility allocation in multi-party tour packages remains fragmented, creating uncertainty regarding who must compensate tourists beyond the airline ticket. This study aims to analyze the scope and limits of airline rights and obligations in flight-based tour packages, and to evaluate the adequacy of legal protection for tourists within tripartite relations involving airlines, travel agents, and destination service providers. Using a normative juridical method—combining statute and conceptual approaches with legal principle analysis—this research maps relevant norms and tests their coherence against principles of fairness, legal certainty, and consumer protection. The findings indicate that normative protection formally exists, yet implementation is ineffective because integrated contract standards are absent and joint liability among tourism businesses is not explicitly regulated. The study concludes that regulatory harmonization is required, alongside standardized tour-package contracts that clearly stipulate rights, obligations, risk allocation, compensation mechanisms for chain losses, and accessible dispute resolution. Future research should incorporate empirical case analysis of dispute outcomes, comparative models of joint liability in other jurisdictions, and regulatory impact assessments to test feasibility and enforcement pathways.
SCARCITY-DRIVEN FOMO MARKETING IN FACEBOOK PROMOTIONAL COPY: A QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF RETAIL ADVERTISING Misael Aldo Walangitan; Floren Agensia Sinaga; Bervie Fransel Rondonuwu; Immanuel Christian Pontorondo; Arief Perdana Kumaat
EDUCATIONE Volume 4, Issue 2, July 2026
Publisher : CV. TOTUS TUUS

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59397/edu.v4i2.272

Abstract

Social media retailers increasingly use scarcity-oriented copy to make promotional offers appear urgent, limited, and socially desirable. This study aimed to identify and explain how Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)-related cues are linguistically constructed in Facebook retail promotional copy. A qualitative descriptive content analysis was conducted on 24 purposively selected public Facebook advertisement posts from retail sellers in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The unit of analysis was each caption or visual-text expression that represented time scarcity, quantity scarcity, or social proof. Data were transcribed, anonymized, and coded using an operational codebook adapted from persuasion and FOMO literature. The analysis identified 29 cue occurrences across the 24 posts. Time scarcity was the most frequent cue with 14 occurrences, mainly expressed through same-day offers, promo deadlines, and limited promotional periods. Quantity scarcity appeared 13 times through remaining-stock statements, limited-unit claims, and first-come-first-served expressions. Social proof appeared only twice and did not stand independently, as both occurrences were combined with time scarcity. These findings indicate that local Facebook retail copy constructs FOMO primarily through temporal and quantitative limitation cues rather than through social validation alone. The study contributes to digital marketing communication by clarifying how scarcity-driven FOMO cues are textualized in local promotional discourse. Its limitation is that it analyzes advertising texts, not consumer responses; therefore, behavioral effects require further research.
Co-Authors Arief Perdana Kumaat Bernadain Dainty Polii Bervie Fransel Rondonuwu Bervie Fransel Rondonuwu Diane Tangian Floren Agensia Sinaga Misael Aldo Walangitan