Nabila, Chesya
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Cytotoxicity and Pro-Apoptotic Effect of Dichloromethane Fraction of Nauclea subdita Stem Bark on HepG2 Liver Cancer Cell Modeling Nabila, Chesya; Masriani, Masriani; Muharini, Rini
Jurnal Pharmascience Vol 12, No 2 (2025): Jurnal Pharmascience
Publisher : Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Lambung Mangkurat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20527/jps.v12i2.22330

Abstract

Kanker hati merupakan salah satu jenis kanker dengan angka kejadian dan kematian yang tinggi di dunia, sehingga penemuan antikanker baru yang aman dan efektif menjadi sangat penting. Nauclea subdita, yang dikenal sebagai bengkal telah digunakan secara tradisional oleh masyarakat Kalimantan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit. Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa tumbuhan bengkal berpotensi sebagai antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk  mengevaluasi sitotoksisitas, induksi apoptosis, dan penghambatan siklus sel dari fraksi kulit  batang dan daun bengkal (Nauclea subdita) terhadap sel kanker hati HepG2. Uji sitotoksisitas dilakukan menggunakan metode MTT, induksi apoptosis dianalisis menggunakan Annexin V-FITC/PI dengan flow cytometry, dan penghambatan siklus sel menggunakan pewarna RNase/PI kit juga dengan flow cytometry. Hasil uji sitotoksisitas menunjukkan bahwa fraksi DCM pH 3 kulit batang N. subdita memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik paling tinggi dibandingkan fraksi lainnya, dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 182,49 ±22,99µg/mL dengan indeks selektivitas 0,80 ± 22,9. Fraksi DCM pH 3 tidak menyebabkan penghambatan siklus sel, namun pada konsentrasi IC50 mampu menginduksi apoptosis pada sel HepG2 dengan persentase apoptosis total sebesar 51,5%. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kulit batang bengkal berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber antikanker baru.  Kata Kunci: Sitotoksisitas, Nauclea subdita, HepG2, Apoptosis, Siklus Sel  ABSTRACT Liver cancer is one of the cancer types with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, making the discovery of new, safe, and effective anticancer agents critically important. Nauclea subdita, known as bengkal, has been traditionally used by the people of Kalimantan to treat various diseases. Previous studies have indicated that bengkal possesses anticancer potential. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle inhibition of stem bark and leaf fractions of Nauclea subdita against HepG2 liver cancer cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, apoptosis induction was analyzed with Annexin V-FITC/PI via flow cytometry, and cell cycle inhibition was evaluated using the RNase/PI kit, also by flow cytometry. The cytotoxicity test results showed that the DCM pH 3 fraction of N. subdita stem bark exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity compared to other fractions, with an IC50 value of 182.49 ±22.99 µg/mL and a selectivity index of 0.80 ± 22.9. The DCM pH 3 fraction did not cause cell cycle arrest, but at the IC50 concentration, it was able to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells with a total apoptosis percentage of 51.5%. These findings suggest that bengkal stem bark has potential to be developed as a novel source of anticancer agents.
Phytochemical Analysis of The Leaves, Roots, Stems, and Stem Bark of the Bengkal Plant (Nauclea subdita) Pitri, Rosiana; Masriani; Eka Kusuma Wardani; Kurniawan, Hengki; Rafif, Muhammad; Nabila, Chesya
Hydrogen: Jurnal Kependidikan Kimia Vol. 13 No. 6 (2025): December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33394/hjkk.v13i6.18508

Abstract

Bengkal (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud) is a medicinal plant that has been traditionally used for various treatments and is known to contain a wide range of secondary metabolites. However, most previous studies have focused only on the leaves, so information regarding the phytochemical composition of other plant parts remains very limited. This research is important to provide a comprehensive overview of the bioactive contents in all morphological parts of N. subdita, which have the potential to support the development of biological and pharmacological applications, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities commonly associated with alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Secondary metabolite analysis was conducted on the leaves, roots, stems, and bark using phytochemical screening. Samples were collected from Ketapang, West Kalimantan, then dried, ground, and extracted using sequential maceration with n-hexane and ethanol. The extracts were subsequently fractionated with dichloromethane (DCM) at pH 3 and pH 9. Moisture content was determined using the gravimetric method. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard qualitative tests, including Mayer’s and Wagner’s tests for alkaloids, color tests for flavonoids and phenolics, the Liebermann–Burchard test for triterpenoids, the FeCl₃ test for tannins, and the foam test for saponins. The results showed that all parts of the plant contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, although there were variations among extracts and fractions. Tannins were detected only in the leaves, while saponins were found in the leaves, roots, and stems. These findings confirm that all parts of N. subdita possess important biological potential due to the presence of major bioactive compounds that play a role in the development of herbal medicines and nature-based therapeutic agents. This information serves as a significant initial foundation for further pharmacological research.