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All Journal Inornatus: Biology Education Journal Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan
Dhiaulhaq, M. Rafi
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Other

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Characterization of soil pathogenic fungi in the rhizosphere of siwalan palm (Borassus flabellifer L.) Nurtjahyani, Supiana Dian; Sulistyaningrum, Heny; Sulistiono; Amin, Mochamad; Tegar Kurnia, Dwi; Dhiaulhaq, M. Rafi; Mustofa, Ali
Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan Vol. 10 No. 02 (2025): Edubiotik : Jurnal Pendidikan, Biologi dan Terapan
Publisher : Biology Education Department, Universitas Insan Budi Utomo, Malang, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33503/ebio.v10i02.2156

Abstract

Soil-borne fungal pathogens represent a persistent threat to plant health due to their ability to colonize the rhizosphere and infect root systems, yet information on their diversity in non-industrial palm species remains limited. Siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.) is a drought-tolerant palm of ecological and socio-economic importance, but its rhizospheric fungal communities have not been systematically characterized. This study aimed to (1) isolate soil-borne fungi from the rhizosphere of siwalan and (2) identify potential pathogenic fungi based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected at depths of 5–20 cm and processed using the soil dilution plate method. Fungal isolates were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), purified through subculturing, and identified using colony morphology and microscopic structures observed through slide culture and lactophenol cotton blue staining. Data were analyzed descriptively by comparing fungal traits with standard taxonomic determination keys. Five soil-borne fungal taxa were successfully isolated and identified, namely Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus caelatus, and Aspergillus niger. The isolates exhibited distinct differences in colony pigmentation, growth rate, hyphal structure, vesicle morphology, and conidial characteristics. Among them, A. niger showed the fastest radial growth and highest sporulation intensity, whereas T. longibrachiatum and A. oryzae exhibited relatively slower growth. These morphological variations indicate functional diversity and differing adaptive strategies among fungi inhabiting the siwalan rhizosphere. This study provides the first systematic morphological baseline of soil-borne fungi associated with the rhizosphere of B. flabellifer. The findings contribute novel information on fungal diversity in an underexplored palm species and highlight the importance of early fungal characterization as a foundation for future molecular identification, pathogenicity testing, and the development of sustainable disease management strategies for siwalan cultivation systems.
Antagonistic effect of Nigrospora oryzae against pathogenic fungi in dual culture assays Sholihah, Mulianatus; Salsa Bella, Najwa; Dhiaulhaq, M. Rafi; Mustofa, Ali
Inornatus: Biology Education Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Inornatus: Biology Education Journal
Publisher : Univeritas Papua

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30862/inornatus.v6i1.1138

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic activity of the endophytic fungus N. oryzae against four important plant pathogenic fungi, namely Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, and Acremonium kiliense, using in vitro dual culture assays. The antagonistic activity of N. oryzae was assessed using a dual culture method on Czapek Agar (CA) medium. Pure cultures were incubated at 25 °C for 72 h, after which 5-mm mycelial plugs were placed at a distance of 3 cm from the pathogenic fungi and incubated for an additional 72 h. Antagonistic activity was quantified by measuring colony radii (r₁ and r₂). Microscopic observations of the interaction zone were conducted using 1 × 1 cm² agar blocks stained with lactophenol cotton blue to identify antagonistic mechanisms. The results showed that N. oryzae inhibited the growth of all tested pathogens, with inhibition rates of 75.26% against A. alternata, 62.07% against A. kiliense, 43.63% against F. solani, and 33.26% against F. oxysporum. Macroscopic and microscopic observations indicated that the antagonistic interaction primarily involved competition for space and nutrients, as well as hyphal interactions resembling mycoparasitic behavior, including direct hyphal contact and hyphal coiling. These findings suggest that N. oryzae exhibits in vitro potential as a biological control agent against certain plant pathogenic fungi, particularly Alternaria and Acremonium. However, its antagonistic activity against Fusarium species was relatively lower, indicating that further studies are required to confirm the underlying mechanisms and to evaluate its effectiveness under more complex conditions.
Co-Authors Ali Mustofa Heny Sulistyaningrum MOCHAMAD AMIN Salsa Bella, Najwa Sholihah, Mulianatus Sulistiono Supiana Dian Nurtjahyani Tegar Kurnia, Dwi