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All Journal SIYAR (Social Issues by Academic Researhers) Journal SINTHOP: Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya
Nibal, Rachel Kamilia Faradiba
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The Feminization of Migration and Indonesia’s Protection Diplomacy for Female Migrant Workers in Malaysia Following the 2022 MoU Novia, Hana; Elindawati, Rifki; Cahayani, Ica; Nibal, Rachel Kamilia Faradiba
Sinthop: Media Kajian Pendidikan, Agama, Sosial dan Budaya Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): July-December
Publisher : Lembaga Aneuk Muda Peduli Umat, Bekerjasama dengan LaKaspia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.69548/sinthop.v4.i2.90.376-387

Abstract

Indonesian female migrant workers continue to experience structural vulnerabilities, particularly in domestic and informal sectors where legal protection remains limited. These conditions are closely associated with the feminization of migration, which places women in undervalued care and domestic work shaped by gender inequality and uneven labor governance. In response to persistent protection challenges, Indonesia and Malaysia signed the 2022 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the Placement and Protection of Indonesian Domestic Migrant Workers, introducing institutional mechanisms such as the One Channel System (OCS). This study examines Indonesia’s protection diplomacy toward female migrant workers in Malaysia in the post-MoU period (2022–2025). Adopting a qualitative research design informed by a post-positivist perspective, the study employs document and content analysis of bilateral policy documents, official reports and statistics from the Indonesian Migrant Workers Protection Agency (BP2MI), and relevant academic literature on gendered migration and labor vulnerability. The findings show that while the 2022 MoU and OCS signal a formal commitment to improving protection, their implementation remains constrained by structural factors. Persistent reliance on non-procedural migration channels, weak legal recognition of domestic work in the host country, and limited enforcement capacity continue to expose female migrant workers to exploitation, unpaid wages, and restricted access to justice. At the same time, migration also enables women to exercise agency as primary breadwinners, illustrating a duality in which empowerment and vulnerability coexist. The study argues that protection diplomacy centered primarily on procedural regulation is insufficient to address the gendered and structural dimensions of migrant vulnerability. More effective protection requires policy frameworks that integrate gender-sensitive approaches, recognize domestic work as formal labor, and address the broader political–economic conditions underpinning feminized labor migration.
Indonesia's Energy Transition Policy in the Perspective of Political Economy Under Geopolitical Risk Cahayani, Ica; Nurlaela, Della; Nibal, Rachel Kamilia Faradiba
SIYAR Journal Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): January
Publisher : International Relations Study Program, The Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/siyar.2026.6.1.74-106

Abstract

This study discusses Indonesia's energy transition policy amid geopolitical risks and global economic and political instability based on the perspectives of energy economics, power structures, economic dependence, and trade wars. Energy transition is proposed due to its increasing popularity as Indonesia promotes clean energy and aims to achieve net zero emissions by 2060 amid geopolitical issues and global economic and political instability. The selection of Indonesia's energy transition policy is to determine the significance and urgency of this policy from an economic policy perspective. This study analyzes Indonesia's energy transition policy from an economic policy perspective through the dimensions of power structures, economic dependence, and trade wars. This study uses a narrative literature review and adopts a research design to extract research data. The data comes from a review of relevant literature found based on predetermined keywords on the topic of the development of Indonesia's energy transition policy. Indonesia's energy transition policy amid the risk of geopolitical instability shows a dynamic that continues to change depending on geopolitical conditions, the international power structure, and ongoing trade wars. This study proves that the energy transition policy is driven by the Indonesian government's commitment to become an zero emission country. The international push for energy transition has an external influence on Indonesia's energy transition policy-making. In its energy transition policy, the Indonesian government faces a major dilemma, structural power challenges, economic/funding dependence, and the existence of national fossil fuels that frame the energy transition policy.
Co-Authors Cahayani, Ica Novia, Hana Nurlaela, Della Rifki Elindawati