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Synthesis of Fe₃O₄ using the Co-precipitation Method with Temperature and Time Treatment as Methylene Blue Adsorbent Kuntjahjono, Mayang Fauziah Putri; Lestari, Aura Puja; Nurhalimah, Siti; Sarweswara, Wikrama; Purba, Farelino Oktavianus; Kaunang, Andrew Miracle; Sasongko, Nugroho Adi; Rahmat Basuki
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Sorption Studies, December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i2.94

Abstract

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) possess unique magnetic properties and are widely applied in various fields such as biomedical technology, environmental remediation, and material separation. This study reports the synthesis of Fe₃O₄ using the co-precipitation method under varying conditions of temperature, reaction time, and atmospheric exposure (open vs. closed system). Ferric and ferrous salts were reacted with ammonium hydroxide under controlled heating at 70°C and 80°C for 60 minutes. The synthesized materials were evaluated through visual color inspection, qualitative magnetic response, yield efficiency, and magnetic load-bearing capacity. The results showed that a closed system at 80°C produced the most optimal Fe₃O₄, indicated by a deep black color, strong magnetic attraction (149.86 mN), and a yield of 92.5%. Comparatively, open systems led to partial oxidation of Fe², resulting in less magnetic phases like maghemite or hematite. The findings confirm that controlling synthesis parameters, especially atmospheric exposure and temperature, significantly influences the purity, particle uniformity, and magnetic strength of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of optimized synthesis for practical applications.
Comparative Review of Metal Ferrites for Heavy Metals Adsorption in Water Kuntjahjono, Mayang Fauziah; Napoleon, Sultan; Sarweswara, Wikrama; Pandia, Yoselyn Evangelina; Haqina, Zidni Aghna; Sasongko, Nugroho Adi; Nuha, Nuha; Rifai, Akhmad; Basuki, Rahmat
Sorption Studies Vol. 1 No. 2 (2025): Sorption Studies, December 2025
Publisher : Indonesian Scholar Society

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55749/ss.v1i2.132

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in water is one of the most critical environmental issues, posing direct threats to human health and ecosystems. Various methods have been developed to address this problem; however, adsorption remains the most effective technique due to its simplicity, low cost, and regenerability. In this context, ferrite based materials (MFe2O4) offer great potential as heavy metal adsorbents owing to their combined advantages of magnetic properties, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy separation under an external magnetic field. This review paper provides a systematic comparison of various types of metal ferrites (Ni, Mn, Co, Zn, Mg, Cu, and Nd) applied for the removal of heavy metal ions from water. The comparison covers their crystal structures, morphology, surface area, magnetic properties, adsorption capacity, as well as the isotherm models and kinetics underlying the adsorption process. The findings show that each type of ferrite possesses specific advantages and limitations. NiFe2O4 exhibits high structural stability, MgFe2O4 demonstrates high adsorption capacity but is susceptible to dissolution under acidic conditions, CuFe2O4 exhibits strong chemical affinity, and NdFe2O4 shows potential selectivity toward specific ions. Meanwhile, MnFe2O4 and CoFe2O4, particularly in composite forms such as MnFe2O4/biochar and CoFe2O4/FAU, stand out with adsorption capacities exceeding 400 mg/g, sufficient magnetic properties, and easy magnetic separation, making them the most promising candidates for water treatment applications. This paper provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure property function relationship of metal ferrites as selective, stable, and efficient adsorbent materials for heavy metal remediation in aquatic environments.