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Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar
Universitas Caritas Indonesia
Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other

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IMPLIKASI HUKUM DAN KEBIJAKAN TERHADAP KASUS KERACUNAN MAKANAN DALAM PROGRAM MAKANAN BERGIZI GRATIS DI INDONESIA Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar; Siria Silubun; Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar
PATRIOT Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Caritas Indonesia

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Abstract

The Free Nutritious Food Program is an affirmative state policy aimed at improving the fulfillment of children's rights to adequate health and nutrition. However, in practice, this program has created serious problems, particularly related to food poisoning incidents in schools, reflecting weak oversight and law enforcement in the area of ​​food safety. This study aims to analyze the legal accountability of the state and local governments for food poisoning cases within the Free Nutritious Food Program, assess the adequacy of the national regulatory framework related to food safety and consumer protection, and examine the implications of public policy for protecting children's rights to health. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with a statutory and conceptual approach, through a literature review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that legal accountability for food poisoning incidents can be imposed through administrative, civil, and criminal proceedings, depending on the level of negligence and the resulting impact. Normatively, regulations in the area of ​​food safety and consumer protection are adequate, but their implementation still faces serious obstacles in the form of weak oversight, limited institutional capacity, and a lack of ongoing evaluation mechanisms. Therefore, the free nutritious food policy requires strengthening the integrated monitoring system, implementing the precautionary principle, and increasing state accountability to ensure maximum protection of children's rights to safe and nutritious food
ASPEK HUKUM TERHADAP INTERKONEKSI GIZI, KESEHATAN, DAN PENDIDIKAN: MEWUJUDKAN SDGS MELALUI KEBIJAKAN MAKANAN BERGIZI GRATIS DI SEKOLAH Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar; Yunus Tekad Kurniadi Ruslak Hammar; Bernardus Horokubun
PATRIOT Vol. 18 No. 2 (2025): Desember
Publisher : Universitas Caritas Indonesia

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The provision of free healthy meals within school environments is one of the government’s policy measures aimed at strengthening the foundation of human resource quality from an early age, particularly at the elementary school level. This policy is rooted not only in social and public health imperatives but also carries significant legal dimensions, as it directly relates to the fulfillment of fundamental rights of citizens—especially the rights to food, healthcare, and quality education. This paper explores the legal framework underlying the interconnection between nutritional fulfillment, health conditions, and access to education within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a particular focus on Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) and Goal 4 (Quality Education). A normative juridical approach is employed to examine several regulations, including the 1945 Constitution, Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, Law No. 18 of 2012 on Food, and Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 2017 concerning the implementation of the SDGs. The findings indicate that the provision of nutritious food free of charge represents a tangible manifestation of the state's role in fulfilling socio-economic rights within a legal state framework. However, its implementation remains hampered by institutional challenges, weak oversight mechanisms, and limited cross-sectoral coordination. Therefore, regulatory synergy across sectors is essential to ensure the inclusive and sustainable realization of the SDGs.
Institutionalizing Justice in Ancient Babylon: Legal Institutions, Royal Authority, and the Code of Hammurabi Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar; Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar; Odilo D.s Fautngilyanan
Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): JISSR
Publisher : Cendekiawan Indonesia Timur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59065/jissr.v6i2.295

Abstract

This article examines the institutionalization of justice in Ancient Babylon through the legal institutions and forms of authority reflected in the Code of Hammurabi. As one of the earliest written legal collections in human history, the Code provides important evidence of how law was used to organize social relations, regulate economic activity, and legitimize political power. Using normative legal research with historical and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the legal norms contained in the Code and situates them within the broader social and political structure of Babylonian society. The findings show that Babylonian law was supported by a relatively complex institutional order involving the king, judges, administrative officials, local assemblies, written records, and procedures of proof. Royal authority occupied a central position in this system, deriving legitimacy from divine mandate, especially through the association between Hammurabi and the god Shamash. The institutionalization of justice was reflected in the codification of rules on bodily injury, professional responsibility, economic transactions, family relations, and social hierarchy. Although the legal system was not egalitarian, it provided a formal framework for dispute resolution, social control, and the protection of vulnerable groups. The article argues that the Code of Hammurabi should be understood not merely as a legal text, but as an institutional instrument for consolidating justice, order, and royal legitimacy in Ancient Babylon.
Retributive Justice in Ancient Mesopotamian Law: Institutional Foundations of Punishment in the Code of Hammurabi Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar; Bernardus Horokubun; Imanuel Inriyanto Ruslak Hammar
Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): JISSR
Publisher : Cendekiawan Indonesia Timur

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59065/jissr.v6i2.296

Abstract

Ancient Mesopotamia occupies a central position in the history of written law, particularly through the Code of Hammurabi, one of the earliest and most systematic legal collections of the ancient world. This article examines the concept of retributive justice in Babylonian legal thought and analyzes the institutional foundations of punishment reflected in the Code of Hammurabi. Using normative legal research with historical and conceptual approaches, the study explores how punishment was constructed, legitimized, and applied within the social and political order of ancient Babylon. The findings show that the Code of Hammurabi embodied the principle of lex talionis, emphasizing proportionality between offense and punishment as a core expression of retributive justice. However, punishment was not merely a moral response to wrongdoing; it was also embedded in institutional mechanisms involving courts, royal administration, and the king’s authority as the ultimate source of legal legitimacy. The study further reveals that the application of punishment was shaped by Babylonian social hierarchy, where legal consequences varied according to the status of offenders and victims. Historically, the Code of Hammurabi contributed to the development of criminal law thought by providing an early foundation for proportional punishment, legal codification, and the relationship between law, authority, and social order.
Co-Authors Bernardus Horokubun Odilo D.s Fautngilyanan Roberth Kurniawan Ruslak Hammar Siria Silubun Yunus Tekad Kurniadi Ruslak Hammar