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All Journal Jurnal As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga Academia Open
M. Arief Amrullah
Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Jember
Religion Humanities Education Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health Social Sciences

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Legal Liability for Force Majeure in Digital Crypto Asset Contracts Reviewed from the Perspective of Legal Rationality in the Digital Age: Tanggung Jawab Hukum atas Keadaan Force Majeure dalam Kontrak Digital Aset Kripto Ditinjau dari Rasionalitas Hukum di Era Digital Amara Diva Abigail; Diah Ayuning Tyas; Fendi Setyawan; M. Arief Amrullah
Academia Open Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): December
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.10.2025.12855

Abstract

General Background: The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed legal relations through the emergence of smart contracts and crypto asset transactions operating autonomously on blockchain systems. Specific Background: Although these digital contracts promise efficiency and certainty, their automated and decentralized nature raises complex legal issues when force majeure events—such as cyberattacks, system failures, or sudden regulatory changes—disrupt contractual performance. Knowledge Gap: Existing civil law doctrines on force majeure and contractual liability are primarily designed for human-centered agreements and remain inadequate to address responsibility in algorithm-driven systems, particularly within Indonesia’s legal framework. Aims: This study aims to analyze legal liability for force majeure in crypto asset digital contracts through a philosophical examination of legal rationality in the digital era. Results: Using normative–philosophical analysis, the study finds that traditional fault-based liability and positivistic legal rationality require reconstruction to accommodate technological risks and automated execution. Novelty: The research introduces an adaptive, reflective conception of legal rationality that integrates technological realities with principles of justice, certainty, and utility. Implications: These findings imply the need for explicit force majeure clauses, shared responsibility models, and adaptive legal interpretation to ensure fair and effective regulation of digital contracts in the evolving crypto ecosystem. Highlights: Force majeure in crypto-based smart contracts involves technological and regulatory risks beyond traditional doctrines. Automated and decentralized contract execution challenges fault-based and human-centered legal liability concepts. Adaptive legal rationality is essential to balance legal certainty, justice, and technological innovation in the digital era. Keywords: Force Majeure, Digital Contracts, Crypto Assets, Legal Liability, Legal Rationality
Kebijakan Formulasi Jual Beli Aset Kripto yang Melibatkan Notaris dalam Mencegah Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Ido Gustiawan Putra; M. Arief Amrullah; Firman Floranta Adonara
As-Syar i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga  Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): As-Syar’i: Jurnal Bimbingan & Konseling Keluarga
Publisher : Institut Agama Islam Nasional Laa Roiba Bogor

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.47467/as.v8i2.11426

Abstract

The rapid development of crypto assets characterized by decentralization, anonymity, and high transaction speed has increased the risk of money laundering, which is not yet fully addressed by Indonesia’s current legal framework. This study aims to analyze the ratio legis of the existing regulatory formulation concerning crypto asset transactions involving Notaries in preventing money laundering and to propose an ius constituendum to strengthen future legal protection. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s regulations cover economic aspects and AML measures, however the preventive framework remains sectoral because AML obligations are imposed only on crypto asset traders, resulting in an incomplete preventive protection mechanism. The discussion highlights that involving Notaries as authentic deed officials has the potential to reinforce due diligence, enhance legal certainty, and prevent the misuse of crypto assets for money laundering in accordance with FATF standards. The study concludes that revisions to the Financial Sector Development and Strengthening Law, the Anti-Money Laundering Law, and related regulations are necessary to mandate Notary involvement in every crypto asset transaction as part of a national AML strategy.
Co-Authors Amara Diva Abigail Diah Ayuning Tyas Fendi Setyawan Firman Floranta Adonara Ido Gustiawan Putra