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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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Factors Influencing Proper Healthcare Waste Management Practices Among Healthcare Workers in Nigeria Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Akpan Usenobong Morgan; Debora Akinola Umogbai; Emmanuel Eluu Chukwudi; Inemesit Samuel Essien; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Omachi Blessing John
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.8022

Abstract

Healthcare waste management (HCWM) is a critical component of public health and environmental safety, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria where improper disposal practices pose significant risks, and compliance among healthcare workers remains inconsistent despite the existence of national guidelines and global protocols. This study aimed to assess the factors influencing proper HCWM practices among healthcare workers in Nigeria, focusing on knowledge, attitudes, institutional support, and policy awareness. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 300 healthcare workers across tertiary and secondary health facilities in Abuja, Lagos, and Kano. Data were collected using structured questionnaires covering demographic information, HCWM knowledge, attitudes, practices, and institutional factors, and were analyzed in SPSS v25 using chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify significant predictors of compliance. Among the respondents, 60% had received formal HCWM training, 70% were aware of HCWM guidelines, and 75% expressed positive attitudes toward waste management; however, only 55% practiced correct waste segregation and 50% reported adequate institutional support. Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between HCWM training and proper waste segregation (χ² = 12.45, p < 0.01), and between institutional support and PPE usage (χ² = 9.78, p < 0.05). Logistic regression identified HCWM training (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.5–3.6) and positive attitude (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2–2.9) as significant predictors of proper HCWM practices. The study concludes that training, institutional support, and attitudes are key determinants of HCWM compliance among healthcare workers in Nigeria, and that bridging the gap between knowledge and practice requires targeted interventions, infrastructure investment, and policy enforcement. Strengthening HCWM systems is essential for reducing occupational hazards, preventing environmental contamination, and promoting sustainable healthcare delivery.
Comparative Analysis of Microbial Load of the Main Water Production and Water Availability in Federal University Wukari Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Emmanuel Omanchi; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Akpan Usenobong Morgan
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.8027

Abstract

Access to clean and safe water is a critical component of public health and institutional sustainability, particularly in academic environments where large populations depend on reliable water sources for daily activities. Federal University Wukari, located in Taraba State, Nigeria, primarily relies on boreholes and hand-dug wells to meet its water needs; however, these sources are susceptible to microbial contamination due to poor construction, proximity to waste disposal sites, and seasonal fluctuations in groundwater levels. This study conducted a comparative analysis of the microbial load in water samples collected from boreholes and wells across various campus locations. Standard microbiological techniques were employed to quantify total heterotrophic bacteria, coliforms, and the presence of Escherichia coli, and a structured survey was administered to assess water availability and usage patterns among students and staff. Results revealed that well water samples consistently exhibited higher microbial loads, with E. coli detected in all well sources, whereas borehole samples showed significantly lower contamination levels, and statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference in microbial counts between the two water sources (p < 0.05). The survey further indicated disparities in water availability, with student hostels and off-campus staff areas experiencing the most frequent shortages. These findings underscore the urgent need for routine water quality monitoring, infrastructural improvements, and policy interventions to ensure safe and equitable water access within the university. The study contributes to the broader discourse on water safety in Nigerian tertiary institutions and provides actionable insights for campus health and infrastructure planning.
Water Security and Public Health in Michika LGA: Assessing Microbial Contamination and Expanding Borehole Access Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Emmanuel Omanchi; Akpan Usenobong Morgan; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Mathias Mawuli Ametefe
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.8028

Abstract

Access to safe drinking water remains a critical public health challenge in many rural communities across Nigeria, and in Michika Local Government Area (LGA) of Adamawa State reliance on shallow wells and unprotected water sources has contributed to recurring outbreaks of waterborne diseases. This study assessed the safety and sustainability of water sources in Michika LGA by pursuing four objectives: evaluating microbial contamination—specifically the presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms—and physicochemical parameters in wells and boreholes; conducting hydro-geophysical surveys to determine aquifer characteristics such as depth, thickness, and resistivity; utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) tools to map borehole feasibility zones and identify contamination hotspots; and developing targeted recommendations for improving water safety and guiding future borehole expansion based on integrated data analysis. Water samples were collected from 20 wells and 15 boreholes across seven districts in Michika LGA, and microbial and physicochemical parameters were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Data were processed in SPSS v25, with descriptive statistics and ANOVA applied to compare contamination levels across districts and seasons. Hydro-geophysical surveys using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were conducted to assess aquifer characteristics, while GIS mapping was employed to visualize borehole locations, contamination levels, aquifer productivity, and proximity to schools and clinics. Ethical approval was obtained from the State Health Research Ethics Committee, informed consent was secured from all participants, and water samples were anonymized and coded for confidentiality. The results revealed that 65% of wells tested positive for E. coli, with Zah and Moda districts recording the highest contamination levels (110 and 85 CFU/100 mL, respectively), whereas boreholes showed significantly lower microbial loads, with 80% falling within WHO safety limits. Physicochemical analysis indicated elevated turbidity in Minkisi and Garta (9.8 and 7.5 NTU), exceeding WHO guidelines. Hydro-geophysical data identified high-yield aquifer zones in Minkisi, Diaka, and Zah, with resistivity values above 120 Ωm and aquifer thickness exceeding 18 meters. GIS maps highlighted contamination hotspots overlapping with high population density zones and limited access to clinics, while districts such as Michika Town and Diaka, with safe boreholes and nearby infrastructure, were identified as optimal zones for expansion. Overall, this study highlights the urgent need for targeted water safety interventions in Michika LGA: wells remain highly vulnerable to microbial contamination, especially in densely populated districts, whereas boreholes located in high-yield aquifer zones offer a safer alternative and should be prioritized for development. GIS mapping proved instrumental in identifying contamination hotspots, aquifer feasibility, and infrastructure gaps, providing a data-driven roadmap for the Government of Adamawa State and the Michika community to improve water security, reduce disease burden, and guide sustainable borehole expansion.
Effect of Sun-Drying and Oven-Drying Processing Methods on the Chemical Composition of Bitter Leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) Mary Athanasius Udoh; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Scholastica Ene Abah; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Kulu Sanda Mohammed
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7903

Abstract

Leafy vegetables, commonly consumed as edible plant shoots, are rich sources of macro- and micronutrients. Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) is a widely consumed vegetable in Nigeria, especially among the Igbo community, where drying—either by sun or oven—is a prevalent preservation method that also enhances taste. This study investigates the effects of sun-drying and oven-drying on the chemical composition of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Approximately 2.5 kg of fresh leaves were purchased from Watt Market, Calabar (South-South Nigeria), destalked, and divided into three equal portions. One portion was used as a control (fresh, unprocessed), while the other two were subjected to one-month drying treatments—sun-drying and oven-drying—before being pulverized into flours, sealed in airtight containers, and stored under cool, dry conditions. Standard analytical procedures were employed to assess proximate composition, elemental content, and phytochemical properties. Results revealed that both drying methods significantly reduced moisture content, leading to an increase in dry matter. Notably, the sun-dried samples showed increased ash (6.32 ± 0.02% vs. 2.45 ± 0.02% in control) and crude protein (6.23 ± 0.02% vs. 5.40 ± 0.1%), while oven-dried samples exhibited elevated crude fat (3.33 ± 0.2%), crude fibre (14.30 ± 0.1%), and carbohydrate content (52.10 ± 0.01%) compared to the control. Conversely, drying led to reductions in vitamin levels, mineral content, antinutrients, and food toxicants. These findings indicate that drying improves the nutritional density of macronutrients while decreasing potentially harmful components, thus enhancing the digestibility and safety of the leaves. The study concludes that sun and oven-drying are effective preservation techniques that significantly influence the nutritional profile of Vernonia amygdalina, with important implications for food security and dietary quality.
Assessment of Biological Risk Exposure Among Hospital Housekeepers at Wukari Teaching Hospital Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Akpan Usenobong Morgan; Debora Akinola Umogbai; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Genevieve Akpah Yeboah
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.8026

Abstract

Hospital housekeepers play a vital role in maintaining hygiene and preventing infections within healthcare facilities, yet they are frequently exposed to biological hazards such as bloodborne pathogens, respiratory droplets, and contaminated waste, often without adequate protection or training. In Nigeria, particularly in tertiary institutions like Wukari Teaching Hospital, limited resources and weak enforcement of safety protocols further increase the vulnerability of non-clinical staff. This study aimed to assess the level of biological risk exposure among hospital housekeepers and identify gaps in personal protective equipment (PPE) usage, hygiene practices, and institutional support. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 hospital housekeepers at Wukari Teaching Hospital, with stratified random sampling ensuring representation across departments including wards, emergency, surgery, and outpatient units. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, direct observation checklists, and key informant interviews with infection control officers, and variables assessed included demographic data, exposure history, PPE usage, hygiene practices, and training experience. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, while qualitative responses were thematically coded. Findings revealed that 78.3% of housekeepers had direct contact with biological waste in the past six months, with blood, sputum, and vomit being the most common contaminants; only 41.7% consistently used full PPE, and just 36.7% reported that PPE was always available. Hand hygiene compliance was observed in 58.3% of cases, while 65% of respondents had never received formal infection control training, and only 30% felt adequately protected at work, with a majority suggesting improvements such as regular training, better supervision, and increased PPE supply. The study concludes that hospital housekeepers at Wukari Teaching Hospital face substantial biological risks due to frequent exposure, inconsistent PPE usage, and inadequate training, highlighting the urgent need for institutional reforms including structured infection control education, reliable PPE provision, and strict enforcement of hygiene protocols to protect this essential workforce and ensure a safe and resilient healthcare environment.
Effect of Two Different Drying Techniques on the Chemical Composition of Amaranthus Mary Athanasius Udoh; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Zainab Bello Dambazau; Faith Amarachi Ngwu
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i3.7785

Abstract

Amaranth (Amaranthus), a widely consumed green leafy vegetable in Nigeria, is valued for its rich content of micronutrients, macronutrients, phytonutrients, and potential food-toxicants. This study evaluates the impact of two common drying methods—sun-drying and oven-drying—on the chemical composition of Amaranthus leaves. A total of 2.5 kg of fresh Amaranthus leaves was procured from Watt Market in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. After stalk removal, the leaves were divided into three equal portions: one left untreated as control, while the others were subjected to sun-drying and oven-drying for one month. The dried samples were pulverized, packaged in airtight containers, and stored under cool, dry conditions prior to analysis. Proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical screening were conducted using standard analytical techniques. Results indicated a significant reduction in moisture content from 84.30 ± 0.1% in the fresh sample to 23.70 ± 0.1% (sun-dried) and 11.30 ± 0.1% (oven-dried), thereby increasing dry matter availability. Concentrations of ash, fibre, crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrates were elevated in the dried samples due to moisture loss. However, notable reductions in mineral content were observed—Calcium (Ca) declined from 2.78 mg/100g in the control to 2.10 mg/100g (sun-dried) and 1.07 mg/100g (oven-dried). Heat treatment also led to a significant decrease in anti-nutrients and food-toxicants, with oven-drying showing greater efficacy. The study concludes that both sun-drying and oven-drying effectively preserve Amaranthus leaves, though with some loss of micronutrients. Consuming larger quantities of the dried vegetable may help offset these losses, providing essential nutrients for populations at risk of malnutrition.
Evaluating Environmental and Public Health Hazards of Urban Flooding: Clinical Consequences and Considerations Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Debora Akinola Umogbai; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Emmanuel Eluu Chukwudi
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v3i1.8025

Abstract

Urban flooding poses a significant threat to environmental integrity and public health, particularly in rapidly expanding regions of Nigeria. This study evaluates the environmental contamination, clinical consequences, and psychosocial impacts of urban flooding across six districts—Gwarinpa, Lokogoma, and Lugbe in Abuja, and Yola North, Demsa, and Numan in Adamawa State—selected for their history of seasonal flooding, population density, and strategic urban importance. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining environmental sampling, clinical data collection, and household surveys. Water and soil samples were analyzed for microbial contamination (E. coli), pH, turbidity, and heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) in line with WHO standards, while clinical data from health facilities were used to assess the prevalence of flood-related illnesses, including diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory symptoms. Mental health outcomes were evaluated through structured surveys administered to 300 residents, focusing on anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results revealed elevated levels of E. coli and heavy metals in flood-affected zones, with Lokogoma and Yola North recording the highest contamination, and these districts also reporting the highest incidence of waterborne diseases and respiratory conditions. Mental health symptoms were prevalent across all districts, with more than 50% of respondents in Lokogoma and Demsa reporting signs of anxiety and PTSD, while healthcare facilities in Lugbe and Numan experienced disruptions in chronic disease management and medication access, underscoring systemic vulnerabilities. In conclusion, urban flooding in Abuja and Adamawa has profound environmental and public health implications, and the findings highlight the need for integrated flood management strategies, including infrastructure upgrades, environmental monitoring, healthcare system strengthening, and mental health integration. Tailored interventions across these districts are essential to mitigate future risks and build community resilience in the face of climate-induced disasters.
Effect of the Different Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition of Fluted Pumpkin Leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) Mary Athanasius Udoh; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Daniel Oche Onah; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Chukwunonso John-Cyril Umeh
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i3.7477

Abstract

Vegetables, primarily the leafy parts of edible plants, are vital sources of essential vitamins and minerals necessary for maintaining good health. Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin leaves), widely consumed among various ethnic groups in Nigeria, is a green leafy vegetable often subjected to drying for preservation and flavor enhancement. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of drying methods on the chemical composition of T. occidentalis leaves. Approximately 2.5 kg of fresh leaves were procured from Watt Market, Calabar (South-South Nigeria), sorted, and divided into three equal portions: a fresh (untreated) control, a sun-dried sample, and an oven-dried sample. After one month of drying, the samples were pulverized into flour, packaged in airtight containers, and stored in a cool, dry place. Proximate, elemental, and phytochemical analyses were conducted using standard methods. Results revealed a substantial reduction in moisture content from 83.01 ± 0.1% in the fresh sample to 22.60 ± 0.1% and 10.50 ± 0.2% in sun- and oven-dried samples, respectively, leading to increased dry matter. Enhanced concentrations of ash, crude protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrates were observed, particularly in oven-dried samples (e.g., crude protein increased from 2.80 ± 0.02% to 5.13 ± 0.01%). However, mineral content declined with drying, more significantly in oven-dried samples; sodium levels, for instance, decreased from 9.30 mg/100g (control) to 7.71 mg/100g (sun-dried) and 4.34 mg/100g (oven-dried). Additionally, anti-nutritional factors and food toxicants were significantly reduced, especially in oven-dried leaves. The findings suggest that while drying enhances certain nutritional attributes, it also compromises some mineral content. Nevertheless, drying remains a viable strategy to extend shelf life and reduce waste in the absence of refrigeration.
A Study to Determine the Incidence of Drug Abuse Among Students of Tertiary Institutions. A Case Study Wukari Isaac John Umaru; Solomon Ossom Asare; Emmanuel Omanchi; Debora Akinola Umogbai; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Zainab Bello Dambazau; Emmanuel Eluu Chukwudi; Precious Chioma Jack
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 3 No 1 (2026): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v3i1.8024

Abstract

This study explores the incidence, patterns, and consequences of drug abuse among students in tertiary institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria, using a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative survey data revealed that 28.4% of students had engaged in drug use, with alcohol (64.8%), cannabis (45.1%), and tramadol identified as the most commonly abused substances. Qualitative insights from focus group discussions and key informant interviews highlighted the social dynamics, institutional gaps, and cultural factors shaping substance use, with male students aged 21–25 and those living off-campus emerging as the most vulnerable demographic, while covert drug use among female students was linked to peer and romantic influences. Peer pressure, academic stress, and curiosity were reported as primary motivators, and hostel environments were found to foster experimentation. Drug abuse was associated with academic decline, mental health problems—including anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation—and low utilization of counseling services, whereas institutional responses were characterized by limited drug education, weak enforcement, and poor awareness of available support systems. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated prevention strategies, peer-led interventions, and enhanced mental health services to address this growing public health concern.
Co-Authors Akpan Usenobong Morgan Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie Chukwunonso John-Cyril Umeh Daniel Oche Onah Debora Akinola Umogbai Emmanuel Eluu Chukwudi Emmanuel Omanchi Faith Amarachi Ngwu Genevieve Akpah Yeboah Inemesit Samuel Essien Isaac John Umaru Kulu Sanda Mohammed Mary Athanasius Udoh Mathias Mawuli Ametefe Musbau Adekunle Yahaya Omachi Blessing John Precious Chioma Jack Scholastica Ene Abah Solomon Ossom Asare Zainab Bello Dambazau