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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Mary Athanasius Udoh
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Environmental Science Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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 1 
Determine the Background Characteristics of Abattoir Butchers in Sishiagu, Tamale Metropolis Solomon Ossom Asare; Ahmed Abdu Bulama; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Issifu Tahidu
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 1 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i1.5025

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the background characteristics of abattoir butchers in Sishiagu, Tamale Metropolis. A total of two hundred structured questionnaires were used to collect data on participants' background characteristics of abattoir butchers, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. The results showed that all butchers (95.5%) in this study were male, while 4.5% with 20.7% aged less than 20yrs 43.7% between 20yrs and 30 yrs, 25.9% 31yrs to 40yrs, 7.4% 41yrs to 50yrs and 2.2% 51yrs to 60yrs, less than half (43.7%) of the butchers were older than 29yrs. Additionally, 61.9% of butchers were married, while 36.6% were single and Divorced was 1.5%. The study found that 46% had less than 10 years of work experience, while 24% had 11 to 20 years of experience. Notably, 20.7% of butchers were uneducated, with only 0.7% with postgraduate, 5.9% holding a university degree, 26.7% with SSS/SHS and 20.7% with JHS. Furthermore, tenure of years in the business was found to be 30.4% at the age of 1yrs to 5yrs, 35.6% at 6yrs to 10yrs and 34.1 % at 11yrs. There was a clear understanding that younger generation at the age of 20yrs to 40yrs is taking over the Abattoir Butchers. In conclusion, the study indicates that the work force in the abattoir are younger generation based on the background characteristics and as such a moderate awareness regarding meat hygiene among butchers and meat workers in Sishiagu, Tamale Metropolis should be obtainable.
Estimation of Kidney Function and Haematological Parameters of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Diethyl Nitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Augustine Absalom; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Otashu Kenneth Frank; Shadrach Philip
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v2i3.7359

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of liver-related mortality worldwide, often linked to oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity induced by carcinogens such as diethylnitrosamine (DEN). This study investigates the biochemical and hematological effects of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis on DEN-induced HCC in male albino rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (DEN-induced), positive control (DEN + silymarin), and three treatment groups receiving A. senegalensis extract at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and a combined regimen. DEN exposure significantly elevated serum biomarkers of liver damage, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. Treatment with A. senegalensis extract at 400 mg/kg markedly reduced ALT, AST, and ALP levels compared to the negative control, demonstrating hepatoprotective potential. Hematological analysis revealed a decline in white blood cell (WBC) count across treatment groups, suggesting possible immunosuppressive effects. Red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin (HGB) levels decreased at 200 mg/kg but increased at 400 mg/kg, indicating a dose-dependent erythropoietic effect. Platelet (PLT) counts, elevated in the DEN-induced group, were normalized by the extract. These results suggest that A. senegalensis contains bioactive compounds with hepatoprotective and hematomodulatory activities. While higher doses improved liver function and hematological balance, the observed immunosuppressive tendencies highlight the need for further mechanistic studies. The findings support the therapeutic potential of A. senegalensis in hepatocellular carcinoma management, warranting future preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Effect of Aqueous Extract of Achyranthes aspera Leaves on Antiretroviral Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats Isaac John Umaru; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Tensaba Andes Akafa; Joseph Oteng; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Ocheifa Mathew Ngbede; Ashaka Fidelis Utioukpan; Aboki Nwunuji Mijinyawa; Ogholo Ogholo Ekup
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i2.5183

Abstract

Achyranthes aspera leaves are believed to reverse drug resistance and increase the efficacy of current drugs. Achyranthes aspera leaves contain many secondary metabolites needed for the redressal of diseases and ailment. Thus, the ART-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methodology: Thirty (30) albino rats were divided into 5 groups of 6 each and treated as follows: Group A (no antiretroviral drugs, no extract); group B (antiretroviral drugs alone); group C (extract alone); group D (antiretroviral drug plus 40 mg/kg extract); group E (antiretroviral drug plus 80 mg/kg extract). All treatment lasted for twenty-eight days. Blood samples were collescted and serum ALT and AST determined using UV-spectrophotometer. The mean (± S.E.M) of data were calculated and further analysed for statistical significance using graph Pad Prism 5.0. Results: Mean serum ALT were 36.8 ± 20.24, 56.11 ± 6.12, 54.6 ± 24.18, 90.40 ± 11.14, 88.36 ± 13.10 and that of AST were 143.8 ± 20.24, 208.4 ± 16.13, 60.0 ± 24.18, 164.40 ± 11.14, 52.36 ± 16.14 for groups A, B, C, D, and E respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean values of serum AST for group B and those for group C. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the ALT values for the test and control groups of rats (p value >0.999) Also, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values of AST for group B and those of groups A, D, E. Conclusions: This extract at a higher concentration should add to the treatment of HIV in synergy with antiviral drugs, However, the extract shown no significant reduction of serum ALT and AST in ART treated rats.
Effect of Sun-Drying and Oven-Drying Processing Methods on the Chemical Composition of Bitter Leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) Mary Athanasius Udoh; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Scholastica Ene Abah; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Kulu Sanda Mohammed
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7903

Abstract

Leafy vegetables, commonly consumed as edible plant shoots, are rich sources of macro- and micronutrients. Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) is a widely consumed vegetable in Nigeria, especially among the Igbo community, where drying—either by sun or oven—is a prevalent preservation method that also enhances taste. This study investigates the effects of sun-drying and oven-drying on the chemical composition of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Approximately 2.5 kg of fresh leaves were purchased from Watt Market, Calabar (South-South Nigeria), destalked, and divided into three equal portions. One portion was used as a control (fresh, unprocessed), while the other two were subjected to one-month drying treatments—sun-drying and oven-drying—before being pulverized into flours, sealed in airtight containers, and stored under cool, dry conditions. Standard analytical procedures were employed to assess proximate composition, elemental content, and phytochemical properties. Results revealed that both drying methods significantly reduced moisture content, leading to an increase in dry matter. Notably, the sun-dried samples showed increased ash (6.32 ± 0.02% vs. 2.45 ± 0.02% in control) and crude protein (6.23 ± 0.02% vs. 5.40 ± 0.1%), while oven-dried samples exhibited elevated crude fat (3.33 ± 0.2%), crude fibre (14.30 ± 0.1%), and carbohydrate content (52.10 ± 0.01%) compared to the control. Conversely, drying led to reductions in vitamin levels, mineral content, antinutrients, and food toxicants. These findings indicate that drying improves the nutritional density of macronutrients while decreasing potentially harmful components, thus enhancing the digestibility and safety of the leaves. The study concludes that sun and oven-drying are effective preservation techniques that significantly influence the nutritional profile of Vernonia amygdalina, with important implications for food security and dietary quality.
Effect of Two Different Drying Techniques on the Chemical Composition of Amaranthus Mary Athanasius Udoh; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Zainab Bello Dambazau; Faith Amarachi Ngwu
African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajstm.v2i3.7785

Abstract

Amaranth (Amaranthus), a widely consumed green leafy vegetable in Nigeria, is valued for its rich content of micronutrients, macronutrients, phytonutrients, and potential food-toxicants. This study evaluates the impact of two common drying methods—sun-drying and oven-drying—on the chemical composition of Amaranthus leaves. A total of 2.5 kg of fresh Amaranthus leaves was procured from Watt Market in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. After stalk removal, the leaves were divided into three equal portions: one left untreated as control, while the others were subjected to sun-drying and oven-drying for one month. The dried samples were pulverized, packaged in airtight containers, and stored under cool, dry conditions prior to analysis. Proximate composition, mineral content, and phytochemical screening were conducted using standard analytical techniques. Results indicated a significant reduction in moisture content from 84.30 ± 0.1% in the fresh sample to 23.70 ± 0.1% (sun-dried) and 11.30 ± 0.1% (oven-dried), thereby increasing dry matter availability. Concentrations of ash, fibre, crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrates were elevated in the dried samples due to moisture loss. However, notable reductions in mineral content were observed—Calcium (Ca) declined from 2.78 mg/100g in the control to 2.10 mg/100g (sun-dried) and 1.07 mg/100g (oven-dried). Heat treatment also led to a significant decrease in anti-nutrients and food-toxicants, with oven-drying showing greater efficacy. The study concludes that both sun-drying and oven-drying effectively preserve Amaranthus leaves, though with some loss of micronutrients. Consuming larger quantities of the dried vegetable may help offset these losses, providing essential nutrients for populations at risk of malnutrition.
Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract of Annona senegalensis on Liver Function in Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Rats and Its Potential as an Antibacterial Agent Isaac John Umaru; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Etah Hope Mona; Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara; Ogar Fonne Okang; Ingwu Joseph Akem; Akafa Andes Tansaba; Shadrach Philip; Otashu Kenneth Frank
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 2 No 3 (2025): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v2i3.7362

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent and deadly cancers globally, with limited treatment options and poor prognosis in advanced stages. This study evaluated the therapeutic potential of methanol leaf extract of Annona senegalensis against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in Wistar rats and investigated its antibacterial properties. Thirty-six male albino rats were allocated into six groups: Group I (normal control) received no treatment; Group II (negative control) was induced with HCC using DEN (50 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneally) weekly for three weeks without therapy; Group III (positive control) received DEN followed by silymarin (100 mg/kg b.w.); while Groups IV, V, and VI received DEN followed by A. senegalensis extract at 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg b.w., respectively, administered orally for 14 days. Biochemical analysis showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated DEN-induced hepatotoxicity, with the 400 mg/kg dose most effective in reducing AST (48.71 ± 1.21 IU/L) and ALT (20.74 ± 1.06 IU/L) compared to the negative control (69.52 ± 0.88 IU/L and 54.97 ± 1.54 IU/L, respectively). Hepatic synthetic function was restored, as indicated by increased total protein (6.37 ± 0.13 g/L) and albumin (5.11 ± 0.10 g/L). Histopathological analysis confirmed marked architectural recovery with reduced necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. The extract also demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, exhibiting dose-dependent inhibition zones against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, with effects comparable to standard antibiotics. These findings suggest that A. senegalensis leaf extract exerts hepatoprotective effects—likely through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative mechanisms—while also offering broad-spectrum antimicrobial benefits. The 400 mg/kg dose emerged as the most effective, highlighting its promise as a cost-effective complementary therapy for managing HCC and bacterial infections, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Further research should focus on isolating and characterizing the bioactive compounds and elucidating their mechanisms of action.
Burkholderia Cepacia Complex: A Cause of Dental Caries in Uyo, Southern Nigeria State Mary Athanasius Udoh; Ifeanyi Abraham Onwuezobe; Anthony Nathaniel Umo; Victoria Intimate Kingsley; Amina Jummai Shehu
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i2.5121

Abstract

Background. Dental caries is a common oral disease worldwide, and it affects above 90% of the population. Several bacteria species are implicated in caries; many of which are the normal microbiota of the buccal cavity. These bacteria are often opportunistic. Caries process starts from proliferation of oral flora, establishment of non-oral bacteria, and production of biofilm leading to plaque formation. This serves as a shield for pathogenic bacteria from being eliminated by antibiotics. The aim of this study was to find out the dominant bacteria of caries in Uyo, and factors that influence their occurrence. Methods. One hundred and twenty plaque samples of participants were analyzed using standard laboratory methods; biochemical and antibiotics susceptibility tests results were obtained using Vitek 2 System (bioMe´rieux). CTX-M, TEM and OXA resistance genes were analyzed for, and were amplified on an ABI 9700 Applied Biosystems thermal cycler using pre-determined conditions set. Results. Nine (9 (33.3%) Gram-positive bacteria and 18 (66.7%) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were obtained. The dominant isolate was Burkholderia cepacia complex 7 (25.9%), while some of the least were; Pediococcus pentosaceus 1 (3.7%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 1 (3.7%). Ceftazidime was the antibiotic B. cepacia were mostly resistant to, but greatly sensitive to Amikacin and Tobramycin. Six B. cepacia isolates (out of 7 identified) were further analyzed molecularly by 16s rRNA sequencing. Burkholderia cenocepacia (2 isolates) and Burkholderia cepacia (4 isolates) were the two species identified. Conclusions. B. cepacia complex is known to cause major complications in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised patients. Therefore, it is a major health challenge for it to be implicated in caries in Uyo, as it can easily spread to different parts of the body (the lungs inclusive) through the carious tooth. It is also an established fact that B. cepacia resistance genes rapidly disseminate, making treatment difficult.
Phenotypic Detection and Risk Factors of Bacteria Aetiological Agents of Dental Caries in Patients in Uyo Nigeria Ifeanyi Abraham Onwuezobe; Mary Athanasius Udoh; Agantem Emmanuel Ekuma; Mary Bondick Takon; Faith Amarachi Ngwu
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 2 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i2.5303

Abstract

Background. Dental caries is a highly prevalent oral disease that affects approximately 100% of individuals in the society. This disease causes severe damage to the teeth. Several acidophilic bacteria are implicated in the disease. This research was done to detect bacterial agents and risk factors implicated in caries in Uyo, Nigeria. Methods. A total of 120 dental plaque samples were cultured. Vitek 2 System (bioMe´rieux) was used for biochemical characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates. Results. Several bacterial species (Thirteen) were obtained from significant culture growth of 27 (22.5%). Burkholderia cepacia group were 7(5.8%), and the most prevalent. Enterococcus faecalis 1(0.8%), Enterococcus spp (non E. faecalis) 1(0.8%), Pediococcus pentosaceus 1(0.8%), Kocuria kristinae 1(0.8%), Serratia ficaria 2(1.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 1(0.8%), Acinetobacter spp 1(0.8%) and Enterobacter cloacae ssp dissolvens 1(0.8%) were the least prevalent isolates. This study showed new bacteria species being implicated in caries, and high consumption of sugary foods being the main risk factor of caries. Conclusions. The identification of novel bacteria species in caries, and the attribution of staple foods as the lead risk factor of caries amongst dental caries patients in Uyo is a cause for alarm, as most of these people rely on carbohydrates for their daily food, as the soil of their farmlands are most favourable in yielding carbohydrate crops compared to other crops. Hence, there is need for frequent health enlightenment program, especially in the urban areas on adverse effect of frequent snacking and/or eating carbohydrates without rinsing the mouth frequently to rid it of food debris.
Effect of the Different Drying Methods on the Chemical Composition of Fluted Pumpkin Leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) Mary Athanasius Udoh; Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi; Daniel Oche Onah; Musbau Adekunle Yahaya; Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie; Chukwunonso John-Cyril Umeh
African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research Vol 2 No 3 (2025): African Journal of Medicine, Surgery and Public Health Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajmsphr.v2i3.7477

Abstract

Vegetables, primarily the leafy parts of edible plants, are vital sources of essential vitamins and minerals necessary for maintaining good health. Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin leaves), widely consumed among various ethnic groups in Nigeria, is a green leafy vegetable often subjected to drying for preservation and flavor enhancement. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of drying methods on the chemical composition of T. occidentalis leaves. Approximately 2.5 kg of fresh leaves were procured from Watt Market, Calabar (South-South Nigeria), sorted, and divided into three equal portions: a fresh (untreated) control, a sun-dried sample, and an oven-dried sample. After one month of drying, the samples were pulverized into flour, packaged in airtight containers, and stored in a cool, dry place. Proximate, elemental, and phytochemical analyses were conducted using standard methods. Results revealed a substantial reduction in moisture content from 83.01 ± 0.1% in the fresh sample to 22.60 ± 0.1% and 10.50 ± 0.2% in sun- and oven-dried samples, respectively, leading to increased dry matter. Enhanced concentrations of ash, crude protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrates were observed, particularly in oven-dried samples (e.g., crude protein increased from 2.80 ± 0.02% to 5.13 ± 0.01%). However, mineral content declined with drying, more significantly in oven-dried samples; sodium levels, for instance, decreased from 9.30 mg/100g (control) to 7.71 mg/100g (sun-dried) and 4.34 mg/100g (oven-dried). Additionally, anti-nutritional factors and food toxicants were significantly reduced, especially in oven-dried leaves. The findings suggest that while drying enhances certain nutritional attributes, it also compromises some mineral content. Nevertheless, drying remains a viable strategy to extend shelf life and reduce waste in the absence of refrigeration.
Co-Authors Abimbola Gbenga Olayemi Aboki Nwunuji Mijinyawa Agantem Emmanuel Ekuma Ahmed Abdu Bulama Akafa Andes Tansaba Amina Jummai Shehu Anthony Nathaniel Umo Ashaka Fidelis Utioukpan Augustina Elochukwu Ijezie Augustine Absalom Chukwunonso John-Cyril Umeh Daniel Oche Onah Etah Hope Mona Faith Amarachi Ngwu Ifeanyi Abraham Onwuezobe Ingwu Joseph Akem Isaac John Umaru Issifu Tahidu Joseph Oteng Kulu Sanda Mohammed Mary Bondick Takon Mosugu Ovayoza Omolara Musbau Adekunle Yahaya Ocheifa Mathew Ngbede Ogar Fonne Okang Ogholo Ogholo Ekup Otashu Kenneth Frank Scholastica Ene Abah Shadrach Philip Solomon Ossom Asare Tensaba Andes Akafa Victoria Intimate Kingsley Zainab Bello Dambazau