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All Journal African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Jankada Patience Audu
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Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health

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In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Seed Extract of Annona squamosa Linn Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Jankada Patience Audu; Arowora Kayode Adebisi
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3470

Abstract

The aim of this research is to analyse the flavonoid, amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol seed extract of Annona squamosa using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits of Annona squamosa were collected from Takum, Taraba State, the seeds were removed from the fruit washed with water, dried in the shade and then pulverized into fine powder. For the crude extraction, the method adopted by Yakubu et al. (2020) was adopted for this protocol. The IC50 of the seed was found to be 3.87. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher (182.76±0.61) compared with the total phenolic compound (70.34±3.04). A reliable detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of nine amino acids, which include; Threonine (9.6%), Phenyl Alanine (17.0%), Aspartic Acid (26.0 %), Glutamic acid (16.0%), Leucine (5.7%), Iso-Leucine (5.3%), Glycine (5.0 %), Arginine (2.3), Glutamine (13.2%), three vitamins; vitamin K (0.4%), vitamin B1(63.0 %) and B3 (36.6%), and three flavonoid compounds Trolox (0.2%), Quercetin (2.1%) and Coumaric acid (97.7%) in plant sample. The phytochemical study confirms that the seed of Annona squamosa rich sources of amino acids such as and these herbal raw materials can exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities.
A Review: Role of Aldosterone in Hypertension Jankada Patience Audu; Ezugwu Hilary Chikata; Selumun Solomon Ipav; Isaac John Umaru; Kingsley Iyoko Iseko; Dafup Katdel Istifanus
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3663

Abstract

In Western societies, hypertension affects up to 20% of the population, making it a significant public health concern. The rates of blood pressure control remain unsatisfactory despite advancements in treatment. Since hypertension is a complex disorder, there is rarely a single, obvious cause identified for so-called "essential" hypertension. The primary mineralocorticoid in humans, aldosterone is increasingly understood to contribute significantly to cardiovascular morbidity. Its role in hypertension has also been examined in view of recent research suggesting that up to 15% of hypertensive individuals exhibit a key phenotype of increased aldosterone biosynthesis, as indicated by an elevated aldosterone to renin ratio. Excessive production or activity of mineralocorticoids is a significant contributing factor to secondary hypertension. Humans' basic mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, and when an aldosterone-secreting adenoma (Conns tumour) is linked to primary aldosterone excess, it can be surgically treated. Although primary aldosteronism was once thought to be rare, recent studies have reported preval_ence rates of up to 20% among hypertensive patients. This reflects the increasing use of the plasma aldosterone concentration to renin activity ratio (ARR), which is a proxy for angiotensin II, the major trophic substance regulating aldosterone secretion. Traditionally, patients with Conns tumour present with spontaneous hypokalaemia and have a relative excess of aldosterone production with suppression of plasma levels of renin (a proxy for angiotensin II, the major trophic substance regulating aldosterone secretion).
In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Annona squamosa L. Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Jankada Patience Audu; Arowora Kayode Adebisi; Danjuma Janya; Abu Michael Sunday; Shitta Nasisi Namuma; Fidelis Okii Ekpo; Maianguwa Abdulrashid Dauda; Josephine Maina Sule; Isaac John Umaru
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v1i1.3865

Abstract

Since the beginning of human civilisation, plants have been one of the main sources of medicines. The demand for pharmaceuticals, health products, food supplements, cosmetics, and medications made from plants is expanding. Since ancient times, traditional medicine has made use of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa. The aim of this research is to evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant contents and the amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol leaf extract of Annona squamosa L. By using the DPPH free radical scavenging experiment, the antioxidant potential of the ethanol leaf extracts was calculated, and the absorbance was determined at 517 nm. The IC50 value of the leaf was estimated to be 4.24 μg/mL. The Folin Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) spectrophotometrically. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and Quercetin was used as standard, the absorbance was measured at 520nm. The results showed that A. squamosa leaf is a rich source of phenolics and flavonoid (total Phenolic content: 26.01±1.45mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content: 71.20±35.74 mg QE/g). The high contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents indicated that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity. A. squamosa can be regarded as promising plant species for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high potential value for drug preparation. The total amount of amino acids was found to be 331.887 uL Several detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of eight amino acids including Asparagine (2.419uL), Threonine (50.828uL), Phenylalanine (37.533uL), Aspartic Acid (144.558uL), Leucine (8.650uL), Iso-Leucine (9.728uL), Glycine (54.060uL) and four vitamins Vitamin K (2.289mg), Vitamin B1 (958.597mg), Vitamin A (13.568mg) and Vitamin E (62.103mg).
Co-Authors Abu Michael Sunday Arowora Kayode Adebisi Dafup Katdel Istifanus Danjuma Janya Ezugwu Hilary Chikata Fidelis Okii Ekpo Isaac John Umaru Josephine Maina Sule Kingsley Iyoko Iseko Maianguwa Abdulrashid Dauda Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu Selumun Solomon Ipav Shitta Nasisi Namuma