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All Journal African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Environmental Science Immunology & microbiology Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Molecular Basis of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Treatments Resistance in Cancer Management Michael Sunday Abu; Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Mgbede Timothy; Isaac John Umaru
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3739

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Surgery is the primary treatment approach for cancer, but the survival rate is very low due to the rapid progression of the disease and presence of local and distant metastasis at diagnosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are important components of the multidisciplinary approaches for cancer treatment. However, resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy may result in treatment failure or even cancer recurrence. Radioresistance in cancer is often caused by the repair response to radiation-induced DNA damage, cell cycle dysregulation, cancer stem cells (CSCs) resilience, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Understanding the molecular alterations that lead to radioresistance may provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets to improve radiotherapy efficacy. Patients who develop resistance to chemotherapy drugs cannot benefit from the cytotoxicity induced by the prescribed drug and will likely have a poor outcome with these treatments. Chemotherapy often shows a low response rate due to various drug resistance mechanisms. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance and chemoresistance in cancer and discusses recent developments in therapeutic strategies targeting chemoradiotherapy resistance to improve treatment outcomes.
The Total Antioxidant Levels, Amino Acids, Vitamins, Flavonoids and Phenolics Profile of Persea americana Using HPLC Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Janya Danjuma; Patience Audu Jankada
African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence Vol 1 No 2 (2024): African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/amjsai.v1i2.3864

Abstract

This research investigated the antioxidant levels, flavonoids and phenolics, amino acid and vitamin profile of P. americana seed methanol extract. Fresh fruits of P. americana were procured from Baissa in Taraba State. The fruits were cut open and the seed removed, washed and sliced. The plant material was air dried at room temperature after which it was pulverized and extraction was carried out using methanol for 72 hours. Extract was subjected to total antioxidant test using DPPH by serial dilution. Different portions of the extract were used to analyze for total flavonoid content and total phenolics content using aluminium chloride and folin-ciocalteu respectively. Furthermore, a portion of the extract was used to analyze for amino acid, vitamin and flavonoids and phenolics profile. The result reveals that the portion antioxidant activity increase with concentration. The portion with 1000µg/1000mL had over 80% which was the highest inhibition percentage in the series. Total flavonoid was found to be 39.88 ± 0.44 while the total phenolic content was seen to be 35.84 ± 4.30. Quercetin and chlorogenic acid were seen to be present for HPLC analysis of flavonoids and phenolics profile to be 15.8% and 84.2% respectively. The result for vitamin profile reveals that three vitamins were detected: vitamins K, B1 and B3 at 0.1%, 20.4% and 79.5% respectively. The amino acid present include asparagine, threonine, serine and aspartic acid with 1.1%, 13.9%, 10.4 and 74.6% abundance respectively. This shows how rich how this plant material can be and also reveals the hidden potentials inherent in it. This could be used to supplement diets and meet various nutritional and needs of individuals.
Determination of the Hypoglycaemic Effect of the Ethanol Stem Bark Extract of Vitellaria paradoxa on Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats Fidelis Okii Ekpo; Emmanuel Mamman; Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Janya Danjuma
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3469

Abstract

This study investigates the hypoglycaemic effects of the ethanol stembark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa on hyperglycemic rats. It also investigates the phytochemical content of ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa using the method of Soforh. The result shows that the ethano| stem/bark of the plant contains Tannins 3.92/mg/100g, Alkaloid 7.12/mg/100g, Flavonoids 1.03/gm/100g, phenolics 12.72/mg/100g, Glycosides 4.13/gm/100g, saponins 2.15/mg/100g respectively. The hypoglycemic properties of ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa were investigated using Fifteen albino Wister rats weighing between 200g to 230g were induced with alloxan monohydrate to make them diabetic. The rats were divided into five groups of three rats. The first group were not induced, tagged normal. The second groups were induced sstandard drug glibenclamide throughout the study period. The fourth groups were induced and treated with 250/mg/kg body weight of the ethanol stem/bar extract of Vitellaria paradoxa throughout the study period. The fifth groups were induced and treated with 500/mg/kg body weight of the extract. The fasting blood glucose level of the rats were taken every three days’ interval for 21 days. At the end of 21 days, the rats treated with 250/mg/kg body weight which started with elevated blood glucose level after induction of 207/mg/dl reduces to 124/mg/dl, similarly the treated with 500/mg/kg body weight of the extract with initial elevated blood glucose level after the induction with diabetic of 221/mg/dl got reduced to 145/me/dl. This indicates that ethanol bark tract of Vitellaria paradoxa showed hypoglycemic properties.
In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Seed Extract of Annona squamosa Linn Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Jankada Patience Audu; Arowora Kayode Adebisi
African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i1.3470

Abstract

The aim of this research is to analyse the flavonoid, amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol seed extract of Annona squamosa using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The fruits of Annona squamosa were collected from Takum, Taraba State, the seeds were removed from the fruit washed with water, dried in the shade and then pulverized into fine powder. For the crude extraction, the method adopted by Yakubu et al. (2020) was adopted for this protocol. The IC50 of the seed was found to be 3.87. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher (182.76±0.61) compared with the total phenolic compound (70.34±3.04). A reliable detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of nine amino acids, which include; Threonine (9.6%), Phenyl Alanine (17.0%), Aspartic Acid (26.0 %), Glutamic acid (16.0%), Leucine (5.7%), Iso-Leucine (5.3%), Glycine (5.0 %), Arginine (2.3), Glutamine (13.2%), three vitamins; vitamin K (0.4%), vitamin B1(63.0 %) and B3 (36.6%), and three flavonoid compounds Trolox (0.2%), Quercetin (2.1%) and Coumaric acid (97.7%) in plant sample. The phytochemical study confirms that the seed of Annona squamosa rich sources of amino acids such as and these herbal raw materials can exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities.
Determination of the Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Phenolics and Flavonoids Profile, Vitamins and Amino Acids Profile Using HPLC and DPPH Free Scavenging Radical Acitivities of the Methanol Leaf Extract of Persea americana Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Olawale Otitoju; Janya Danjuma; Patience Audu Jankada
Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology Vol 1 No 1 (2024): Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3571

Abstract

This research examined the total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonoids and phenolics profile, vitamins and amino acids profile uing HPLC as well as the DPPH free scavenging activity of methanol leaf extract of P. americana. Plants have shown to possess phytochemicals which are beneficial to man including therapeutic and disease prevention. P. americana leaves was harvested from its tree in Baissa, Taraba State. The leaves were air dried under shade at room temperature after which it was pulverized using clean mortar and pestle. The powdered sample was extracted using methanol for 72 hours. Extract was filtered using whatmann no. 1 filter paper and evaporated using rotary evaporator and water bath to obtain the required concentrate. The concentrated extract was subjected to total flavonoid and total phenolics content using aluminium chloride folin ciocaltue respectively. Total antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract was carried out using DPPH. The amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids and phenolics profiles were evaluated. The result reveals that there is a significant level of flavonoid and phenolics in the extract which accounted for 43.32±0.15 mg GAE/100g and 32.84±2.13 mg CE/100g respectively. The antioxidant capacity showed a promising inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity with increase in dose. The amino acids that were found to be present in the extract include asparagine, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine and aspartic acid with different percentage. Vitamins K, B1 and B3 were detected significantly in the leaf extract. The various phytochemicals detected have shown according to research to have beneficial to the biological system, especially in scavenging free radicals and mitigation of oxidative stress. Vitamins are essential for normal functions and metabolism in the biological system, their deficiency could have deleterious effects. Amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis and are required for other biological processes. The extract has shown to be a rich source of various phytochemicals and have shown a promising presence of various vitamins and amino acids.
In-Vitro Estimation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Antioxidant Contents and Determination of Flavonoid, Amino Acid, and Vitamin Profiles of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Annona squamosa L. Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu; Jankada Patience Audu; Arowora Kayode Adebisi; Danjuma Janya; Abu Michael Sunday; Shitta Nasisi Namuma; Fidelis Okii Ekpo; Maianguwa Abdulrashid Dauda; Josephine Maina Sule; Isaac John Umaru
African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research Vol 1 No 1 (2024): African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research
Publisher : Darul Yasin Al Sys

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58578/ajcmpr.v1i1.3865

Abstract

Since the beginning of human civilisation, plants have been one of the main sources of medicines. The demand for pharmaceuticals, health products, food supplements, cosmetics, and medications made from plants is expanding. Since ancient times, traditional medicine has made use of the medicinal plant Annona squamosa. The aim of this research is to evaluate the total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant contents and the amino acid, and vitamin profiles of ethanol leaf extract of Annona squamosa L. By using the DPPH free radical scavenging experiment, the antioxidant potential of the ethanol leaf extracts was calculated, and the absorbance was determined at 517 nm. The IC50 value of the leaf was estimated to be 4.24 μg/mL. The Folin Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) spectrophotometrically. Total flavonoid content (TFC) was measured by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and Quercetin was used as standard, the absorbance was measured at 520nm. The results showed that A. squamosa leaf is a rich source of phenolics and flavonoid (total Phenolic content: 26.01±1.45mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content: 71.20±35.74 mg QE/g). The high contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents indicated that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity. A. squamosa can be regarded as promising plant species for natural plant sources of antioxidants with high potential value for drug preparation. The total amount of amino acids was found to be 331.887 uL Several detection and peak resolution were obtained from the HPLC analysis. The result showed the presence of eight amino acids including Asparagine (2.419uL), Threonine (50.828uL), Phenylalanine (37.533uL), Aspartic Acid (144.558uL), Leucine (8.650uL), Iso-Leucine (9.728uL), Glycine (54.060uL) and four vitamins Vitamin K (2.289mg), Vitamin B1 (958.597mg), Vitamin A (13.568mg) and Vitamin E (62.103mg).
Co-Authors Abu Michael Sunday Arowora Kayode Adebisi Danjuma Janya Emmanuel Mamman Fidelis Okii Ekpo Isaac John Umaru Jankada Patience Audu Janya Danjuma Josephine Maina Sule Maianguwa Abdulrashid Dauda Mgbede Timothy Michael Sunday Abu Olawale Otitoju Patience Audu Jankada Shitta Nasisi Namuma