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All Journal Proceeding Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health
Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman University
Public Health

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Comprehensive literature review : Determinant Factors of Organophosphate pesticide Exposure and Its Impact on Farmers Cholinesterase Level Evi Paulina Simanjuntak; Iwan M Ramdan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure remains a significant occupational health issue in agricultural sectors, particularly in developing countries like Indonesia. OP compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), enzymes responsible for breaking down acetylcholine at neural synapses. Their inhibition leads to acetylcholine accumulation, causing acute symptoms such as dizziness, tremor, nausea, and fatigue, as well as long-term effects including peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment. Blood cholinesterase activity serves as a key biomarker for pesticide exposure but can be influenced by various biological and occupational factors Objective : This scoping review aims to identify and map determinant factors affecting cholinesterase levels among farmers and pesticide sprayers exposed to OP pesticides, providing an evidence base for developing occupational health and safety (OHS) strategies. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, eight relevant studies were selected from PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Garuda databases. The included studies involved agricultural workers exposed to OP or carbamate pesticides, with cholinesterase activity as the main outcome Results : Findings show that reduced cholinesterase activity results from multifactorial interactions. Individual factors such as age, gender, nutrition, and smoking influence detoxification capacity. Behavioral factors especially PPE use and hygiene significantly affect exposure, with compliant workers showing 18–25% higher enzyme activity. Occupational factors like long work duration and high spraying frequency decreased AChE by 28–30%. Organizational efforts, including biomonitoring and safety training, maintained enzyme activity within normal limits, while hot climates increased dermal absorption Conclusion/Lesson Learned : In conclusion, comprehensive OHS measures integrating education, monitoring, and safe work practices are essential to prevent pesticide-related subclinical poisoning
Association Between Safety Behaviour, Compliance with Personal Protective Equipment, and Occupational Health and Safety Performance among Dump Truck Drivers at PT. X, Samarinda Andi Farhan Said; Iwan Muhamad Ramdan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) implementation in mining operations aims to minimize accidents and occupational diseases. Among dump truck drivers, Behavior toward safety and compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) use are critical behavioral determinants of OHS performance. However, these factors are often influenced by routine, work pressure, and organizational culture. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between workers’ attitude and compliance with PPE use and OHS performance among dump truck drivers at PT. X Samarinda. Objective : To analyze the relationship between safety behavior and compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE) toward occupational health and safety (OHS) performance among dump truck drivers at PT. X Samarinda. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A quantitative study using a cross-sectional design was conducted among 39 dump truck drivers selected through total sampling. Data were collected through validated questionnaires and analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test to determine the relationship between safety behavior, PPE compliance, and OHS performance. Results : The majority of respondents were male and aged 30–39 years. Most demonstrated a high level of PPE compliance (82.1%) but a moderate level of safety behavior. The analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between both safety behavior (p < 0.05) and PPE compliance (p < 0.05) with OHS performance. Workers who exhibited a positive safety behavior and consistently used PPE demonstrated better safety performance outcomes. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Safety behavior and PPE compliance are key behavioral components that significantly affect OHS performance. To enhance sustainable safety behavior, it is recommended that the company apply Behaviour-Based Safety (BBS) strategies such as regular observation of safe and unsafe acts, peer feedback, reinforcement of positive safety behaviors, and participatory safety talks to strengthen workers’ internal motivation and safety culture.
Exploring Ergonomic Risks Behind Waste: A Qualitative Study of BankSampah Workers in Samarinda City Nadinda Maretta Diah Paramita; Iwan M Ramdan; Muhammad Sultan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common occupational diseases occurring in workplaces such as waste banks. Repetitive manual activities performed by workers pose ergonomic risks if not supported by adequate understanding and workplace facilities. Objective : This study aims to analyze ergonomic practices among waste bank workers, explore their perceptions of MSDs risks, and identify the needs for ergonomics-based health promotion that suits the conditions of the waste bank. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study used a qualitative case study design. Data were obtained through interviews with five Bank Sampah Nusantara workers and work observations. Thematic analysis with manual coding was applied, starting from data reduction, assigning codes (labeling relevant data), and grouping codes into themes, and results were presented descriptively. Data validity was ensured through the Member Check technique. Results : The findings showed that workers at Bank Sampah Nusantara did not use assistive tools and only used basic personal protective equipment (PPE). Several workers complained of body pain and fatigue (especially in the hands and feet). Risk perception was generally low. No training related to ergonomics or safe work practices had been conducted in the waste bank. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Workers expressed the need for training, improved work facilities, and collaboration with external institutions to support occupational health and safety. This highlights the importance of ergonomics-based health promotion interventions in the informal sector to prevent MSDs and raise workers’ awareness of occupational risks.
“The Association Between Noise Exposure and Quality of Life AmongIndustrial Workers and Nearby Communities: A Literature Review” Karlina Sofyana Harahap; Iwan M Ramdan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Noise is an invisible environmental hazard that significantly affects human health and well-being. Chronic exposure to high-intensity noise can lead to auditory disorders such as Noise- Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and various non-auditory effects including stress, fatigue, hypertension, sleep disturbance, and psychological distress. These physiological and psychosocial impacts contribute to a decline in Quality of Life (QoL) among both industrial workers and nearby communities. Despite growing evidence on the adverse effects of noise, comprehensive synthesis of the relationship between noise exposure and QoL across occupational and community settings remains limited. Objective : to identify and analyze scientific studies examining the relationship between noise exposure and Quality of Life (QoL) Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A systematic literature review was conducted to identify and analyze scientific studies examining the relationship between noise exposure and QoL. The literature search used the databases Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar for publications from 2015 to 2024. The keywords included “noise exposure,” “noise pollution,” “quality of life,” “occupational,” and “community.” Ten studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected for descriptive synthesis. Data were extracted on study objectives, population, exposure levels, instruments used (such as WHOQoL-BREF and HRQoL), and main findings. Results : The review indicates a consistent negative association between noise exposure above 85 dB(A) and QoL. Across the selected studies, dominant reported effects included sleep disturbance, fatigue, stress, irritability, and decreased environmental satisfaction. Noise annoyance and noise sensitivity emerged as significant psychological mediators influencing the strength of this relationship. Occupational settings such as mining, manufacturing, and healthcare showed the highest exposure levels and greatest impact on workers’ physical and psychological well-being. Community- based studies also revealed lower QoL scores among residents living near industrial or transportation noise sources. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Noise is a critical environmental and occupational determinant of health that affects multiple domains of QoL—physical, psychological, social, and environmental. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive noise control measures, including engineering and administrative interventions, community awareness, and psychosocial coping strategies. Future research should employ longitudinal and mixed-method designs to capture the long-term and multifactorial impacts of noise exposure on human well-being.
Whole-Body Vibration Exposure Among Heavy Equipment Operators at PT X, West Kutai, East Kalimantan Putra Eka Sudjana; Iwan Muhamad Ramdan; Muhammad Sultan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Coal mining activities represent one of the industrial sectors with intensive use of heavy equipment, operating at large scales and for prolonged durations. The operation of these machines generates mechanical vibrations, which are significant physical risk factors in the working environment. Vibrations transmitted to the body of operators can not only cause discomfort but also have detrimental effects on health, such as circulatory disturbances, reduced visual focus, nerve problems, and musculoskeletal disorders. The incidence of occupational accidents and work-related diseases in mining sector continues to increase, highlighting the importance of managing ergonomic risk factors, especially whole body vibration, in the implementation of occupational safety and health programs. To protect workers, the government through the Ministry of Manpower Regulation No. 5 of 2018 To assess the whole-body vibration exposure among heavy equipment operators at PT X, West Kutai, East Kalimantan, and evaluate its compliance with the occupational exposure limits as regulated by the Minister of Manpower Regulation No. 5 of 2018 Measurements were conducted on 18 units of heavy equipment at PT X Kutai Barat using a Human Vibration Meter Svantek SV 106, following SNI 7186:2021. The results showed that 11 units exceeded the exposure limit of 0.8661 m/s² for an 8-hour work period, with the dominant vibration direction occurring along the vertical axis. The highest vibration levels were recorded in the Service Truck (1.7765 m/s²) and Dump Truck (1.8203 m/s²). It is recommended that control measures be implemented through adjustments to exposure duration, and vibration damping modifications to prevent musculoskeletal health risks among operators.
Analysis of Test Result Timeliness as a Laboratory Service Quality Indicator Sadaria Sadaria; Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani; Ratno Adrianto; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Timeliness of laboratory result reporting is a key quality indicator that reflects efficiency, professionalism, and customer satisfaction in accordance with ISO 15189:2022 standards. Reporting delays remain a common issue in public laboratories due to limited resources and system inefficiencies. This study addresses practical, scientific, and theoretical gaps in understanding factors influencing turnaround time (TAT) in regional laboratories and how digital quality systems can improve service performance. Objective : This study aimed to analyze the level of reporting timeliness and identify factors contributing to delays at the Provincial Health Laboratory (UPTD Labkes) of East Kalimantan during January–June 2025. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A descriptive quantitative approach was applied using primary data from laboratory test logs, interviews, and field observations, along with secondary data from internal quality indicator reports. Results : he findings revealed an average reporting timeliness of 88.2%, still below the minimum internal quality target of 90%, with variations among divisions. The Biomolecular and Calibration units achieved 100%, while the Congenital Hypothyroid Screening (CHS) program recorded the lowest timeliness at 86.8%. Reporting delays were mainly due to high workloads, limited human resources, suboptimal LIS/SIL transition, technical constraints in MMPI scoring, and reagent supply delays. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Improvement strategies include optimizing human resource planning, strengthening integrated digital systems, enhancing staff competence through the PDCA cycle, and real-time reagent monitoring. Digital transformation and continuous quality system implementation are strategic measures to achieve fast, accurate, and trustworthy laboratory services aligned with international standards.
Implementation of Hospital Occupational Health and Safety Programs in Indonesia: A Scoping Review Putri Agustina; Iwan Muhamad Ramdan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Hospitals expose employees to various occupational hazards, including biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial risks. Although Indonesia has regulations such as Minister of Health Regulation No. 66/2016 on Hospital OHS (K3RS) and the 2024 Hospital Accreditation Standards (KMK No. 1596/2024), OHS program implementation remains inconsistent. Understanding their execution is crucial to enhancing worker and patient safety. Objective : This scoping review aims to map existing evidence on the implementation of hospital occupational health and safety programs (K3RS) in Indonesia, focusing on governance, risk management, program domains, monitoring indicators, enablers, and barriers. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Literature published between 2015 and 2025 was identified from PubMed, Google Scholar, GARUDA, and DOAJ using keywords related to “K3RS,” “hospital,” “implementation,” and “Indonesia.” Eligible studies included empirical research, reports, and policy analyses focusing on K3RS implementation. Data were charted and synthesized thematically. Results : Hospitals expose employees to various occupational hazards, including biological, chemical, ergonomic, and psychosocial risks. Although Indonesia has regulations such as Minister of Health Regulation No. 66/2016 on Hospital OHS (K3RS) and the 2024 Hospital Accreditation Standards (KMK No. 1596/2024), OHS program implementation remains inconsistent. Understanding their execution is crucial to enhancing worker and patient safety. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : Implementation of hospital OHS programs in Indonesia is progressing but uneven. Strengthening governance, standardizing indicators, and embedding risk-based monitoring are essential for achieving safer hospital work environments.
The Physical and Psychosocial Risk Factors of WRMSDs AmongNurses in Hospital: A Systematic Review Wahyu Tri Prayogi; Iwan Muhamad Ramdan; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Nurses are one of the professions most vulnerable to musculoskeletal pain due to their physically demanding clinical work, which involves prolonged standing, walking, heavy lifting (e.g., carrying patients, medical equipment), and repetitive movements. Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders at body region on nurses and its associated physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : This study is a systematic review of the prevalence of WRMSDs and their association with physical and psychosocial factors in nurses. The study was designed using reporting methods based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Results : A review shows that the prevalence of WRMSDs in nurses is very high, ranging from 77%– 97%, with the most frequently affected locations being the lower back, neck, and shoulders. The most frequently reported physical factors are significantly associated with: awkward postures, lifting or moving patients, lack of assistive devices, long work hours and inadequate rest, and understaffing. Psychosocial factors have a significant direct or indirect influence on WRMSDs in many studies: job stress and high psychological demands, lack of social support, work-family conflict, poor leadership, and anxiety or burnout. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : WRMSDs are the most common occupational health problem among nurses. Physical and psychosocial factors contribute significantly, both independently and mutually reinforcing. Effective prevention must include multidimensional interventions, including: Improved work ergonomics (assistive devices, work positions, task rotation), workload management and shift schedules, increased social support and positive leadership, and stress management and psychological well-being programs.
Determinants of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Compliance and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Risk Management Mustika Mustika; Ida Ayu Indira Dwika Lestari; Iwan muhammad Ramdan; Muhammad Sultan
Mulawarman International Conference on Tropical Public Health Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): The 4th MICTOPH
Publisher : Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University, Indonesia

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Background : Occupational accidents remain a major global issue, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Compliance with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and effective Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) risk management are key strategies to reduce workplace hazards. However, studies show that compliance levels vary widely, influenced by individual, organizational, and technical factors. Objective : This literature review aims to synthesize findings from five empirical and analytical studies related to PPE compliance and OHS risk management in multiple work contexts, including construction, laboratory, and emergency services. Research Methods/ Implementation Methods : A narrative synthesis was conducted based on five peer-reviewed studies published between 2021–2025. Articles were selected using inclusion criteria: (1) focus on PPE compliance or OHS risk management, (2) based on empirical data, (3) conducted in Indonesia. Extracted data included study design, population, key variables, and findings. Results : Knowledge, attitude, and availability of PPE consistently emerged as significant determinants of compliance across studies. Organizational factors such as policy, supervision, and training quality also affected compliance. However, inconsistencies were found regarding the impact of work tenure and training. Technical and administrative controls, as emphasized in laboratory-based studies, complemented behavioral aspects but were rarely integrated into behavioral research frameworks. Conclusion/Lesson Learned : PPE compliance is a multifactorial issue driven by behavioral, organizational, and technical determinants. Future research should adopt integrative and experimental designs to assess causal relationships, evaluate training effectiveness, and connect risk management practices with worker behavior.
Co-Authors Adrianto, Ratno Andi Farhan Said Evi Paulina Simanjuntak Iwan M Ramdan Iwan Muhamad Ramdan Iwan Muhammad Ramdan Karlina Sofyana Harahap Muhammad Sultan Mustika Mustika Nadinda Maretta Diah Paramita Putra Eka Sudjana Putri Agustina Ratih Wirapuspita Wisnuwardani Sadaria Sadaria Wahyu Tri Prayogi