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All Journal Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Control (JFSC)
Arnold Adimabua Ojugo
Federal University of Petroleum Resources
Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering

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Investigating a SMOTE-Tomek Boosted Stacked Learning Scheme for Phishing Website Detection: A Pilot Study Eferhire Valentine Ugbotu; Frances Uchechukwu Emordi; Emeke Ugboh; Kizito Eluemunor Anazia; Christopher Chukwufunaya Odiakaose; Paul Avwerosuoghene Onoma; Rebecca Okeoghene Idama; Arnold Adimabua Ojugo; Victor Ochuko Geteloma; Amanda Enaodona Oweimieotu; Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor; Amaka Patience Binitie; Anne Odoh; Chris Chukwudi Onochie; Peace Oguguo Ezzeh; Andrew Okonji Eboka; Joy Agboi; Patrick Ogholuwarami Ejeh
Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Vol. 3 No. 2 (2025): JCTA 3(2) 2025
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jcta.14472

Abstract

The daily exchange of informatics over the Internet has both eased the widespread proliferation of resources to ease accessibility, availability and interoperability of accompanying devices. In addition, the recent widespread proliferation of smartphones alongside other computing devices has continued to advance features such as miniaturization, portability, data access ease, mobility, and other merits. It has also birthed adversarial attacks targeted at network infrastructures and aimed at exploiting interconnected cum shared resources. These exploits seek to compromise an unsuspecting user device cum unit. Increased susceptibility and success rate of these attacks have been traced to user's personality traits and behaviours, which renders them repeatedly vulnerable to such exploits especially those rippled across spoofed websites as malicious contents. Our study posits a stacked, transfer learning approach that seeks to classify malicious contents as explored by adversaries over a spoofed, phishing websites. Our stacked approach explores 3-base classifiers namely Cultural Genetic Algorithm, Random Forest, and Korhonen Modular Neural Network – whose output is utilized as input for XGBoost meta-learner. A major challenge with learning scheme(s) is the flexibility with the selection of appropriate features for estimation, and the imbalanced nature of the explored dataset for which the target class often lags behind. Our study resolved dataset imbalance challenge using the SMOTE-Tomek mode; while, the selected predictors was resolved using the relief rank feature selection. Results shows that our hybrid yields F1 0.995, Accuracy 0.997, Recall 0.998, Precision 1.000, AUC-ROC 0.997, and Specificity 1.000 – to accurately classify all 2,764 cases of its held-out test dataset. Results affirm that it outperformed bench-mark ensembles. Result shows the proposed model explored UCI Phishing Website dataset, and effectively classified phishing (cues and lures) contents on websites.
A Graph-Augmented Isolation Forest Using Node2Vec and GraphSAGE for Mobile User Behavior Anomaly Detection Amaka Patience Binitie; Sunny Innocent Onyemenem; Nneamaka Christiana Anujeonye; Arnold Adimabua Ojugo; Francesca Avwuru Egbokhare; Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor
Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Vol. 3 No. 3 (2026): JCTA 3(3) 2026
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jcta.15494

Abstract

This study presents a Graph-Augmented Isolation Forest (GAIF), an unsupervised anomaly-detection framework for analyzing mobile user behavior. The proposed framework represents users and behavioral attributes as a user–feature bipartite graph, enabling the capture of relational dependencies that are not explicitly modeled in conventional vector-based approaches. Low-dimensional user representations are learned through Node2Vec and Graph Sample and Aggregate (GraphSAGE), and the resulting embeddings are subsequently processed by an Isolation Forest to produce anomaly scores. Experiments are conducted on a Mobile Device Usage and User Behavior dataset comprising 700 user profiles derived from application-level behavioral indicators. The dataset is treated as a behavioral abstraction rather than as a malware classification benchmark. A consistent 80:20 stratified train–test split is employed, with all learning-capable operations restricted to the training data to mitigate information leakage. Detection performance is evaluated post hoc using precision, recall, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC) metrics. Under the evaluated setting, GAIF achieves an F1-score of 0.94 and an AUC of 0.97, demonstrating improved anomaly detection effectiveness relative to representative unsupervised baseline methods. These results are obtained on a static, proxy dataset and should not be interpreted as evidence of real-time deployment capability. Model interpretability is supported through post-hoc Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) visualizations of the learned embeddings, providing structural insights into anomalous user behavior. Overall, the findings indicate that integrating graph-based representation learning with isolation-based anomaly scoring constitutes a computationally efficient approach for unsupervised mobile user behavior anomaly detection within the scope of this study.
Investigating Security Enhancement in Hybrid Clouds via a Blockchain-Fused Privacy Preservation Strategy: Pilot Study Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor; Eferhire Valentine Ugbotu; Emeke Ugboh; Paul Avwerosuoghene Onoma; Frances Uchechukwu Emordi; Arnold Adimabua Ojugo; Victor Ochuko Geteloma; Rebecca Okeoghene Idama; Peace Oguguo Ezzeh
Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): JCTA 3(4) 2026
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jcta.15508

Abstract

The proliferation of cloud infrastructures has intensified concerns regarding data security, integrity, identity and access management, and user privacy. Despite recent advances, existing solutions often lack comprehensive integration of privacy-preserving mechanisms, dynamic trust management, and cross-provider interoperability. This study proposes an AI-enabled, zero-trust, blockchain-fused identity management framework for secure, privacy-preserving multi-cloud environments. The framework integrates homomorphic encryption with differential privacy for aggregate-level protection and secure multi-party computation for collaborative data processing. The proposed system was validated in a simulated multi-cloud environment using CloudSim, Ethereum blockchain, and AWS EC2. Experimental results indicate homomorphic encryption latency of approximately 450ms per operation and statistically significant security improvements (t(128) = 12.47, p < 0.001), privacy (t(95) = 8.93, p < 0.001), and throughput (t(156) = 15.21, p < 0.001). The framework achieved differential privacy with ε = 0.1 while retaining 99.2% data utility, and demonstrated a 34% improvement in processing speed over conventional differential privacy approaches. In addition, the implementation was observed to be 2.3× faster than BGV-based configurations, with 45% lower memory consumption than CKKS and a 67% reduction in ciphertext size relative to baseline implementations. From an operational perspective, the framework shows a 23% reduction in security management costs, a 31% improvement in resource utilization efficiency, and an 18% decrease in compliance audit expenses. The model further indicates a 27% reduction in total cost of ownership (TCO) compared with multi-vendor security solutions, a projected return on investment (ROI) within 14 months, and an 89% reduction in security incident response costs under the evaluated conditions.
Phishing Website Detection via a Transfer Learning based XGBoost Meta-learner with SMOTE-Tomek Joy Agboi; Frances Uche Emordi; Christopher Chukwufunaya Odiakaose; Rebecca Okeoghene Idama; Evans Fubara Jumbo; Amanda Enaodona Oweimieotu; Peace Oguguo Ezzeh; Andrew Okonji Eboka; Anne Odoh; Eferhire Valentine Ugbotu; Paul Avwerosuoghene Onoma; Arnold Adimabua Ojugo; Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor; Amaka Patience Binitie; Christopher Chukwudi Onochie; Patrick Ogholuwarami Ejeh; Blessing Uche Nwozor
Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Control Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025): Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025)
Publisher : Peneliti Teknologi Teknik Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59247/jfsc.v3i3.325

Abstract

The widespread proliferation of smartphones has advanced portability, data access ease, mobility, and other merits; it has also birthed adversarial targeting of network resources that seek to compromise unsuspecting user devices. Increased susceptibility was traced to user's personality, which renders them repeatedly vulnerable to exploits. Our study posits a stacked learning model to classify malicious lures used by adversaries on phishing websites. Our hybrid fuses 3-base learners (i.e. Genetic Algorithm, Random Forest, Modular Net) with its output sent as input to the XGBoost. The imbalanced dataset was resolved via SMOTE-Tomek with predictors selected using a relief rank feature selection. Our hybrid yields F1 0.995, Accuracy 1.000, Recall 0.998, Precision 1.000, MCC 1.000, and Specificity 1.000 – to accurately classify all 3,316 cases of its held-out test dataset. Results affirm that it outperformed benchmark ensembles. The study shows that our proposed model, as explored on the UCI Phishing Website dataset, effectively classified phishing (cues and lures) contents on websites.
Transformer-Based Support for Content-Validity Pre-Screening in Educational Materials Safuan Safuan; Dhendra Marutho; Ahmad Ilham; Muhammad Munsarif; Wendy Sarasjati; Edy Winarno; Arnold Adimabua Ojugo; De Rosal Ignatius Moses Setiadi
Journal of Computing Theories and Applications Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): JCTA 4(1) 2026
Publisher : Universitas Dian Nuswantoro

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62411/jcta.16829

Abstract

Content validity assessment is essential for determining whether educational materials adequately represent intended learning outcomes. However, conventional assessment procedures require substantial expert time and may produce inconsistent decisions across large item collections. This study develops a transformer-based framework to support content-validity pre-screening through two complementary tasks: predicting expert-derived Aiken’s V coefficients and classifying instructional-item essentiality. The final dataset comprised 652 Indonesian-language educational text items independently evaluated by four subject-matter experts. To reduce information leakage, identical and normalized-equivalent texts were grouped before applying a group-aware 70:15:15 training–validation–test split. Classical TF-IDF-based baselines were compared with IndoBERT, multilingual BERT, XLM-RoBERTa, and multilingual DeBERTa-v3. For Aiken’s V regression, multilingual BERT achieved the lowest MAE of 0.0501, the lowest RMSE of 0.0625, and the highest R² of 0.5239, whereas multilingual DeBERTa-v3 achieved the highest Spearman correlation of 0.7532. For essentiality classification, XLM-RoBERTa achieved the highest accuracy of 0.8557 and Macro-F1 of 0.8161, whereas multilingual BERT achieved the highest balanced accuracy of 0.8135 and ROC-AUC of 0.9111. Error analysis showed that the models captured textual patterns associated with expert-derived outcomes but remained limited when judgments depended on broader curricular context, competency hierarchies, prerequisite relationships, or relationships among instructional items. The findings support the use of transformer models as human-in-the-loop decision-support tools for prioritizing uncertain or potentially problematic educational items. However, the framework should be interpreted as a pre-screening mechanism rather than a replacement for expert judgment, and external validation across institutions and disciplines remains necessary.
Co-Authors Ahmad Ilham Amaka Patience Binitie Amanda Enaodona Oweimieotu Andrew Okonji Eboka Anne Odoh Blessing Uche Nwozor Chris Chukwudi Onochie Christopher Chukwudi Onochie Christopher Chukwufunaya Odiakaose Christopher Chukwufunaya Odiakaose De Rosal Ignatius Moses Setiadi Dhendra Marutho Edy Winarno Eferhire Valentine Ugbotu Emeke Ugboh Emeke Ugboh Evans Fubara Jumbo Frances Uche Emordi Frances Uchechukwu Emordi Francesca Avwuru Egbokhare Joy Agboi Joy Agboi Kizito Eluemunor Anazia Muhammad Munsarif Nneamaka Christiana Anujeonye Patrick Ogholuwarami Ejeh Paul Avwerosuoghene Onoma Peace Oguguo Ezzeh Peace Oguguo Ezzeh Rebecca Okeoghene Idama Safuan Safuan Sunny Innocent Onyemenem Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor Victor Ochuko Geteloma Wendy Sarasjati