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All Journal Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Synthesis Global Health Journal
Tiroy Sari B. Simanjuntak
Universitas Kristen Indonesia
Health Professions Nursing Public Health

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Association between Patient Characteristics and HbA1c Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Nur Nunu Prihantini; Sharon Keinaa Ampang; Tiroy Sari B. Simanjuntak; Patar Hutagalung
Contagion: Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health Vol 8, No 1 (2026): CONTAGION
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Medan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30829/contagion.v8i1.26464

Abstract

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)  is a growing health challenge, with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Diabetes Atlas 2021–2023 reporting rising prevalence worldwide, including in Indonesia. Glycemic control in T2DM is commonly assessed using HbA1c levels, which reflect average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2–3 months and serve as a key indicator of treatment effectiveness. This study investigated the association between demographic characteristics (age, gender, and occupation) and HbA1c levels among patients with T2DM at Port Medical Center Hospital from 2021 to 2023. Using a cross-sectional design, secondary data were collected from the medical records of 75 eligible patients. All records meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Age, gender, and occupation were treated as independent variables, while  HbA1c level was the dependent variable. Associations were tested using  Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact Test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results showed no significant association between gender and  HbA1c (p = 0.851; OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.34-2.70). However, older age was strongly linked to poor glycemic control (p = 0.010; OR = 11.0, 95% CI: 1.27–95.4), and certain occupations were associated with elevated HbA1c levels (p = 0.024; OR = 9.21, 95% CI: 1.71–49.6). These findings suggest that age-related metabolic changes and occupational factors such as physical inactivity and work-related stress may contribute to inadequate glycemic control. In conclusion, age and occupation were significantly associated with HbA1c levels, while gender was not. Targeted interventions focusing on older adults and individuals with sedentary occupations are recommended, including lifestyle modification, patient education, and routine HbA1c monitoring to improve glycemic outcomes.Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, HbA1c, Level Age, Occupation.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OLD AND NEW TB DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS Romauli Lumbantobing; Linggom Kurniaty; Welly Salutondok; Tiroy Sari B. Simanjuntak
SYNTHESIS Global Health Journal Volume 3, Issue 2, 2025
Publisher : SYNTIFIC

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61543/syn.v3i2.148

Abstract

Background. The availability of effective drug regimens of Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) poses a global health challenge. Traditional first-line therapies-isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol-remain the cornerstone of TB management due to their accessibility and documented cure rates exceeding 85%. Nevertheless, limitations such as variable drug metabolism, patient non-adherence, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains have prompted evaluation of newer treatment combinations to optimize efficacy, safety, and duration. The purpose was to compare the effectiveness of older first-line tuberculosis (TB) drug regimens with newer therapeutic regimens in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Research Method. This narrative review synthesizes findings from five peer-reviewed studies comparing the effectiveness and safety profiles of conventional and novel TB drug regimens. The review focused on regimen composition, treatment duration, bacteriological clearance, hepatotoxicity, and patient adherence outcomes. Findings. The inclusion of pyrazinamide in six-month regimens significantly accelerated bacterial clearance without increasing hepatic toxicity compared to traditional nine-month isoniazid–rifampicin regimens. Additionally, shorter rifampin-based regimens for latent TB demonstrated higher treatment completion rates and fewer adverse effects than isoniazid monotherapy. Emerging regimens, such as fluoroquinolone-based HRM therapies and the novel BPaL combination (bedaquiline, pretomanid, and linezolid), yielded comparable or improved outcomes, with BPaL achieving success rates up to 93% in drug-resistant TB cases. Conclusion. Current evidence supports the strategic adaptation of TB therapy to balance efficacy, tolerability, and treatment duration. Incorporating newer drug combinations, particularly for drug-resistant TB, enhances adherence and clinical outcomes, underscoring the need for individualized treatment protocols aligned with evolving resistance patterns and patient profiles.
Co-Authors Linggom Kurniaty Nur Nunu Prihantini Patar Hutagalung Romauli Lumbantobing Sharon Keinaa Ampang Welly Salutondok