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Rani Malau
Universitas Negeri Medan
Chemistry Education Mathematics Physics

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Observing without disturbing: an ethical study of migratory bird observation distances Imel Selpiana Hasugian; Khairiza Lubis; Marsya Maria Patresia Nainggolan; Rani Malau; Widya Arwita
EduMatika: Jurnal MIPA Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): EduMatika: Jurnal MIPA
Publisher : Lembaga Riset Mutiara Akbar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56495/emju.v6i1.1558

Abstract

The coastal area of ??Bagan Percut, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, is an important stopover location for migratory birds, vulnerable to human disturbance. This study aims to analyze the effect of human presence on the behavioral responses of migratory birds in the context of wildlife observation ethics. The method used was descriptive quantitative through field observations with varying observation distances of 10 meters, 20 meters, and 30 meters. Observed parameters included feeding activity, vigilance behavior, location changes, and flight responses. The results showed that at a distance of 10 meters, birds experienced significant disturbance in the form of cessation of feeding activity and increased vigilance. At a distance of 20 meters, disturbances still occurred but with lower intensity. Meanwhile, at a distance of 30 meters or more, most birds showed no significant behavioral changes. These findings confirm that an observation distance of at least 30 meters is effective in minimizing disturbance, thus it can be used as a guideline for ethical observation practices and support migratory bird conservation efforts in coastal habitats.
Nutrient characterization of liquid organic fertilizer derived from watermelon rind and growth responses of curly lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) Nove Enmia Sidabutar; Idramsa Idramsa; Marlinda Nilan Sari Rangkuti; Rani Malau; Marsya Maria Patresia Nainggolan; Imel Selpiana Hasugian
EduMatika: Jurnal MIPA Vol. 5 No. 3 (2025): EduMatika: Jurnal MIPA
Publisher : Lembaga Riset Mutiara Akbar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.56495/emju.v5i3.1652

Abstract

This study characterized the nutrient content of liquid organic fertilizer derived from watermelon rind (LOF) and evaluated curly lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) growth at four application concentrations. LOF was fermented with EM4 and brown sugar for 14 days. A completely randomized design comprised no LOF (P0), LOF:water ratios of 1:2 (P1) and 1:1 (P2), and undiluted LOF (P3), with three replicates each. Measurements included plant height, leaf number and color, survival, and fresh weight. The fertilizer contained 0.61% organic C, 0.03% total N, 0.04% P?O?, 0.38% K?O, and a C/N ratio of 20.3. At the final observation, P2 had a mean height of 10.25 cm and a mean fresh weight of 0.95 g among surviving plants. Survival was 100% in P1, 66.67% in P2, and 33.33% in both P0 and P3. Total fresh weight was identical in P1 and P2 at 1.90 g. Analysis of yield per experimental unit, coding dead-plant units as zero, yielded F(3,8) = 1.111 and p = 0.400. Fresh weight per experimental unit did not differ significantly among treatments. P2 showed a descriptive advantage in height and surviving-plant fresh weight, whereas P1 had the highest survival rate.
Co-Authors Idramsa Idramsa Imel Selpiana Hasugian Khairiza Lubis Marlinda Nilan Sari Rangkuti Marsya Maria Patresia Nainggolan Nove Enmia Sidabutar Widya Arwita