<![CDATA[Indonesia’s solid waste management framework continues to face persistent legal and institutional challenges in harmonizing national policies with regional regulations within a decentralized governance structure. Despite the enactment of Law No. 18 of 2008 and subsequent regulatory instruments up to 2023, existing legal scholarship remains largely descriptive, focusing on compliance rather than addressing normative and institutional fragmentation particularly the misalignment between Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management and Law No. 23/2014 on Regional Government. This study aims to fill that gap by employing a normative-empirical legal approach that combines doctrinal analysis with field-based interviews involving five key stakeholders from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, provincial agencies, and legal experts. These structural weaknesses undermine policy coherence and highlight the limitations of relying solely on legal standardization. Drawing on decentralization theory and multi-level governance frameworks, this article offers two key contributions. First, it proposes the establishment of a National Regional Harmonization Council for Solid Waste Governance (NRHC–SWG) as a statutory mechanism to enhance vertical coordination. Second, it introduces the Multi-Level Governance Harmonization Index (MLGHI) as an evaluative model to assess coherence across normative, institutional, and operational dimensions. These prescriptive and analytical innovations aim to clarify the constitutional boundaries of regional autonomy under Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution, strengthen institutional synergy, and advance regulatory integration for sustainable solid waste governance in Indonesia.]]>
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