<![CDATA[Background: Understanding the processes of learning and teaching is essential in education. In the context of Islamic education, learning involves cognitive, spiritual, and moral aspects, requiring theories that align with its core values. Objective: This study aims to explore the concepts of learning and teaching and to understand various learning theories that support the educational process. Method: The research employs a library research method with an analytical approach to relevant literature. Result: The results indicate that learning and teaching are distinct yet interconnected concepts. Learning has specific characteristics and is influenced by various factors. Additionally, several major learning theories exist, including cognitivism, behaviorism, humanism, and constructivism. In the context of Islamic education, four learning theories are recognized: taqlid, tajribah wa khatha, ta’wid, and tafakkur. Conclusion: The study concludes that understanding learning theories is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of teaching and learning processes. Originality/Value: This review study offers critical integrative and conceptual novelty in the fields of educational philosophy, educational psychology, and Islamic education by synthesizing the evolving literature on the convergence between contemporary Western learning theories and Islamic learning epistemologies (taqlid, tajribah wa khatha, ta’wid, and tafakkur), an area that remains underexplored in an integrative framework. It maps existing theoretical and methodological gaps, serving as a strategic benchmark that contributes to developing holistic conceptual frameworks that bridge cognitive, moral, and spiritual dimensions in pedagogical models, while guiding future research agendas on faith-science integration in educational curricullum.]]>
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