International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality in Asia Pasific
Vol 8, No 3 (2025): October 2025

Determinants of Brand Equity: The Roles of Brand Awareness, Association, Loyalty, and Image in the Airline Industry

Kok Ban Teoh (ViTrox College, 746, Persiaran Cassia Selatan 314110 Batu Kawan, Pulau Pinang)
Kia Hui Gan (INTI International College Penang, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Foong Jia Yee (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Gan Lee Fan (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Lin Shihui (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Fathimah Az-Zahra Binti Harudin (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Fu Wei (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Anees Jane Ali (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)
Daisy Mui Hung Kee (Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Sg Dua, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia)



Article Info

Publish Date
20 Oct 2025

Abstract

AirAsia, a Malaysian low-cost airline, has recently faced operational challenges such as customer complaints, IT disruptions, and flight delays that have weakened customer trust and loyalty, leading to a decline in its overall brand equity. This study aims to examine the key factors influencing AirAsia’s brand equity, focusing on four independent variables: brand awareness, brand association, brand loyalty, and brand image. A total of 151 respondents participated in an online survey distributed via Google Forms, and the collected data were analyzed using descriptive and regression analysis through SPSS. The findings reveal that brand awareness (? = 0.260, p 0.01) and brand image (? = 0.394, p 0.001) significantly and positively influence brand equity, while brand association (? = 0.146) and brand loyalty (? = 0.104) have positive but insignificant effects. The model explains 69.6% of the variance in brand equity (R² = 0.696). These results suggest that AirAsia should strengthen brand awareness through digital marketing and improve brand image by enhancing customer experience, reliability, and communication to foster stronger brand equity.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

IJTHAP

Publisher

Subject

Humanities

Description

IJTHAP aims to enhance theoretical development in the field of hospitality and tourism. In order to promote those innovations and fresh ideas, the journal alsso accepts conceptual research, book review, as well as essays of experience belongs to hospitality practitioners. The mission of IJTHAP is to ...