Experimental and DFT investigation of LiFePO₄/graphene composites prepared via shear exfoliation route

Amun Amri (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293)
Mawaddah Mawaddah (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293)
Alfatlian Alfatlian (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293)
Sunarno Sunarno (Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293)
Fri Murdiya (Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, 28293)
Mazhibayev Assylzhan (Department of Chemistry, Dulaty University, Taraz, 080000)
Khairulazhar Jumbri (Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, 32610)
Mohammednoor Altarawneh (Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, 15551)
Chun-Chen Yang (Battery Research Center of Green Energy, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taishan, New Taipei City, 24301)
Sulistyo Saputro (Department of Natural Science Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126)
M Mahbubur Rahman (Deparment of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342)

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026

The performance of LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathodes was successfully enhanced by incorporating two types of graphene obtained through green and low-cost liquid shear exfoliation processes. Commercial LFP was combined with few-layer graphene (FLG) and very few-layer graphene (VFLG), with compositions ranging from 0-4 wt.%. LFP, LFP/FLG, and LFP/VFLG, were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), charge–discharge (CD), XRD, FTIR, and FESEM–EDX. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were further employed to probe the electronic structure of LFP and an idealized LFP(001)/pristine-graphene interface as a baseline model for interfacial electronic coupling. DFT indicated interfacial charge redistribution and the emergence of C-2p π-derived states near the Fermi level, resulting in bandgap narrowing relative to pristine LFP and suggesting an additional electronic percolation pathway at the interface. Experimentally, EIS showed that VFLG reduced charge-transfer resistance and increased effective electrochemical conductivity, while FLG addition was associated with improved interfacial charge-transfer behavior inferred from EIS. CD tests at 0.5 C showed that the 4 wt.% FLG and 4 wt.% VFLG electrodes delivered the highest specific capacities of 29.98 mAh/g and 44.66 mAh/g, corresponding to increases of 81.9% and 170.5% compared to bare LFP. XRD and FTIR confirmed that LFP phase integrity was maintained, and FESEM–EDX revealed a uniform particle distribution with well-dispersed graphene networks. Overall, these results demonstrated that shear-exfoliated graphene effectively improved electronic connectivity and charge-transfer behavior in LFP cathodes, supported by consistent electrochemical measurements and electronic-structure insights from DFT.