GC-MS and ADMET Profiling of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Mangrove Leaf Extract Origin Sulawesi with Antioxidant Properties

Wendy Alexander Tanod (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine Technology, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Didit Kustantio Dewanto (Study Program of Fishery Product Technology, Sekolah Tinggi Perikanan dan Kelautan – STPL Palu)
Eko Cahyono (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Frets Jonas Rieuwpassa (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Novalina Maya Sari Ansar (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Yana Sambeka (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Frans Gruber Ijong (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Jefri Anthonius Mandeno (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Obyn Imhart Pumpente (Study Program of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage, Department of Fisheries and Marine, Politeknik Negeri Nusa Utara)
Meilya Suzan Triyastuti (Study Program of Fishery Product Processing Techniques, Politeknik Kelautan dan Perikanan Bitung)

JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)
Vol 10, No 1 (2025): JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia)

Mangrove plants, particularly Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, are recognized as sources of bioactive compounds. This study analyzed the chemical profiles, safety, and antioxidant activity of B. gymnorrhiza leaf extract origin Sulawesi, a biodiversity-rich Wallacean region. Research on B. gymnorrhiza leaves from Sulawesi remains scarce. GC-MS analysis identified inositol, fatty acid, ester, and terpenoid derivatives as major chemical profiles related to stress tolerance and remedial properties. ADMET predictions showed good intestinal absorption but suggested potential hepatotoxicity at high doses. Brine shrimp lethality tests revealed low acute toxicity with an LD₅₀ of 873.381 µg/mL, supporting in silico findings. The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ 49.78 µg/mL), comparable to Vitamin E, and higher than reports from other regions. These results indicate that Sulawesi mangroves store valuable chemical compounds and serve as environmental health indicators. Combining chemical profiling, computational prediction, and experimental validation highlights their pharmaceutical potential while emphasizing the need for careful dose optimization and ecological monitoring. This study reinforces the importance of conserving Wallacean biodiversity and offers a foundation for safe, natural antioxidant commercialization. Future work should assess in vivo effectiveness, long-term toxicity, and the ecological impacts of pollutant immobilization in mangrove ecosystems.