<![CDATA[The teaching of Solar System material at SMP Wahidiyah Kepanjen rarely utilizes technology-based media, resulting in incomplete material, passive learning activities, and suboptimal cognitive learning outcomes. However, students are familiar with smartphones, making Android-based mobile learning a viable solution to enhance their understanding. This study employs the Lee & Owens development model, consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. To assess the instruments used, validity and reliability tests were conducted. The validity test results showed that the calculated r value exceeded the r table value (0.374 for N = 29), confirming that all 20 tested items were valid. A reliability test using Cronbach’s Alpha was also conducted, yielding a value of 0.489, higher than 0.374, indicating the instrument’s reliability. Expert validation showed high validity scores, with material experts rating 97.5% and media experts 95%. A small-scale trial with three students resulted in a 97.5% validity score and an N-Gain of 0.84 (high category). A larger test with 26 students yielded an 88.9% validity score and an N-Gain of 0.58 (moderate category). The findings suggest that Android-based mobile learning is highly effective for individual learners, as seen in the higher N-Gain score from the small-scale trial.]]>
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