<![CDATA[This study aims to analyze and compare human expertise development models through Human Resource Development (HRD) and Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems in Japan and Indonesia. The study focuses on understanding how institutional, cultural, and technological factors shape expertise formation across different contexts. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach based on the PRISMA framework was employed to synthesize relevant peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025. The analysis was conducted using thematic synthesis to identify key patterns, dimensions, and relationships in human expertise development. The findings reveal that Japan represents a mature, firm-centered model characterized by experiential learning, continuous improvement (Kaizen), and socially embedded workplace training (shokuba gakushu), enabling incremental and long-term expertise accumulation. In contrast, Indonesia reflects a developing, system-oriented model, where expertise development depends on policy-driven initiatives, institutional alignment, and efforts to strengthen education–industry linkages through TVET reforms. The study also finds that digital transformation, organizational learning culture, and cross-sector collaboration play a critical role in shaping adaptive and sustainable human resource development systems across both contexts. The study concludes that effective human expertise development requires a hybrid approach that integrates experiential learning, competency-based systems, and digital transformation. Such an integrative model is essential for addressing the challenges of Industry 4.0, reducing skill mismatches, and enhancing workforce adaptability and long-term employability in diverse institutional settings.]]>
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