Technology-Driven Prevention of Examination Paper Leaks in High-Stakes Educational Assessment to Support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Bibliometric and Focused Literature Review

Vishwas Pendse (Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre)
Jaiprakash Paliwal (Symiosis Law School, Nagpur and Symbiosis International University)
Manesh Palav
Abhay Bora (Sandip Institute of Technology and Research Centre)
Atul Kumar (Vikrant University)
Srinivasa Rao Kasisomayajula (Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (K L University))
Sagar Nimbalkar (Vidya Pratishthan’s Institute of Information Technology)
Shirish Raibagkar (The Institute of Cost Accountants of India)

ASEAN Journal of Educational Research and Technology
Vol 5, No 3 (2026): AJERT: VOLUME 5, ISSUE 3, December 2026

Examination paper leaks threaten educational equity, public trust, and merit-based selection in high-stakes educational assessment. This study examines technology-driven prevention of examination paper leaks to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through a bibliometric and focused literature review. The review discusses blockchain-based question paper management, artificial intelligence (AI) proctoring, biometric authentication, cryptographic protection, digital watermarking, zero-knowledge proof frameworks, and generative AI-related academic integrity risks. Layered and policy-integrated technological approaches are needed to strengthen secure, fair, accountable, and SDG-oriented assessment systems.