<![CDATA[Optimal watchkeeping is a decisive factor in ensuring the safety and efficiency of cargo loading and unloading operations on board. In practice, however, cargo watchkeeping aboard MV. Tanto Express has not been carried out optimally due to a range of operational constraints encountered on deck. This study aims to identify the factors that make watchkeeping ineffective, to assess the level of operational risk involved, and to formulate strategies for optimizing cargo watchkeeping duties. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, combining a Fishbone Diagram to trace the root causes of the problem with Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and Risk Priority Number (RPN) calculations to rank risk priorities. The findings show that the principal contributing factors fall into four categories: man, method, machine, and environment. The highest RPN value, 256, was associated with the physical and mental fatigue experienced by watch officers during the 00:00-04:00 shift, which substantially reduces situational awareness. The proposed optimization strategies center on restructuring work-rest schedules, standardizing communication procedures, and improving the effectiveness of monitoring equipment during cargo-handling operations]]>
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