<![CDATA[Objective: Pain during the first stage of labor is the main complaint experienced by mothers in labor and can affect their comfort and the progress of labor. Non-pharmacological pain management is recommended because it is safe, easy to apply, and supports the physiological labor process. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of effleurage massage, breathing techniques, and hydrotherapy in reducing pain during the first stage of normal labor.Methods: This study used a systematic literature review was conducted by searching articles through the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using keywords related to labor pain and non-pharmacological interventions. The articles included were published between 2022 and 2025 and met the inclusion criteria. From the selection process, six articles were obtained for analysis.Results: The six selected articles demonstrated that these three non-pharmacological methods were significantly effective in reducing pain intensity during the first stage of labor. Effleurage massage showed the most consistent results in reducing pain, followed by breathing techniques that effectively improved relaxation and self-control in mothers, and hydrotherapy that provided physical and psychological relaxation.Conclusion: Effleurage massage is the most consistently effective technique, while a combination of various non-pharmacological methods has the potential to provide more optimal results in labor pain management.]]>
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