Advanced 3.5 GHz Microstrip Array Antenna Technology for IoT Integration and Satellite Communications in Floating Photovoltaic Energy Systems

Irfan Mujahidin (Politeknik Negeri Semarang)
Yusuf Dewantoro Herlambang (Politeknik Negeri Semarang)
Siti Hasanah (Politeknik Negeri Semarang)
Rizkha Ajeng Rochmatika (Politeknik Negeri Semarang)
Roni Apriantoro (Politeknik Negeri Semarang)

International Journal of Research in Vocational Studies (IJRVOCAS)
Vol. 6 No. 2 (2026): IJRVOCAS - August

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems provide an effective approach to expanding renewable-energy generation without increasing pressure on land resources. However, remote FPV installations often face limitations in communication infrastructure, making continuous monitoring and supervisory control challenges. This study develops a 3.5 GHz 4 × 2 microstrip array antenna to support Internet of Things (IoT)-based monitoring and satellite-oriented communication for a 20 kWp FPV system at Rawa Pening, Indonesia. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate and optimized using CST Studio Suite by refining the patch geometry, feed network, and element configuration. Simulation results showed resonance at 3.502 GHz, with a return loss of −36.70 dB, VSWR of 1.13, gain of 12.96 dBi, and directivity of 15.26 dBi. Prototype measurements confirmed operation at 3.5 GHz, achieving a return loss of −13.799 dB and a VSWR of 1.513, while radiation-pattern measurements demonstrated directional characteristics suitable for long-range wireless communication. The results indicate that the proposed antenna offers a compact and practical solution for transmitting FPV operational and environmental data in locations with limited terrestrial communication infrastructure. This design provides a promising foundation for reliable FPV telemetry, remote supervision, and future hybrid terrestrial–satellite communication systems.