<![CDATA[Purpose – This study aims to evaluate the quality of Islamic religious education (PAI) test items used as learning evaluation instruments in Indonesia based on validity, reliability, difficulty level, and item discrimination, providing a basis for improving the development and use of PAI assessment instruments. Design/methods/approach – This study applies a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of relevant articles published from 2020 to 2025. The literature was searched through Google Scholar using Publish or Perish as a supporting tool, and 10 articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The selected articles were synthesized based on test-item quality indicators, including validity, reliability, difficulty level, and discrimination index, with consideration of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) where relevant. Findings – The results show that the quality of test items in Indonesia remains varied. Most studies emphasize validity and reliability as the primary indicators of instrument quality. In addition, difficulty level and discrimination index emerge as crucial aspects in ensuring that test items can effectively differentiate students’ abilities. Research implications/limitations – This study is limited to 10 relevant articles published from 2020 to 2025 and retrieved from selected databases based on predetermined inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that systematic test-item analysis is essential for identifying specific weaknesses in Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) test items and can serve as a practical basis for improving the quality of assessment instruments. Originality/value – This study provides an overview of the current state of learning evaluation instruments in Indonesia. It underscores the importance of systematic test-item analysis and offers insights for educators and policymakers to improve the quality of educational assessment.]]>
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