<![CDATA[Background and purpose – Rice-farming households can remain food insecure even when they produce a staple food because seasonal income, small landholdings, price movements, and climate shocks make purchasing power unstable. This study examines the determinants of household income diversification and whether diversification is associated with lower food insecurity among rice farmers in Maduran District, Lamongan Regency. Methodology – Cross-sectional data were collected from 126 rice-farming households selected by simple random sampling in September 2025. Income diversification was summarized with the Simpson Diversity Index (SDI), household food security was assessed using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES), a probit model identified factors associated with diversification, and Propensity Score Matching using nearest-neighbor matching estimated the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated. Findings – The reported mean SDI is 0.16, indicating strong dependence on on-farm income. Education, household size, annual income, credit access, and experience of climate shocks are statistically associated with diversification. After matching, diversified households have a lower reported food-insecurity score than comparable non-diversified households; the ATT is -2.00 points. Implications – Rural livelihood policy should treat off-farm opportunities as a complement to rice farming rather than a substitute for it. Skills development, market access, climate-risk management, and financial products that can support both farm and non-farm activities may strengthen household resilience and food access. Originality – The study combines a portfolio measure of income structure, an experience-based food-security measure, a probit model, and matching analysis in a local Indonesian rice-farming setting.]]>
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