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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 24 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July" : 24 Documents clear
Enhancing Operating Rules for Water Pumping Stations Under Transient Flow Conditions by Using Surge Tanks Abdulameer, Layth; Shemal, Khalid; Al-Maimuri, Najah M. L.; Al-Khafaji, Mahmoud Saleh; Al-Dujaili, Ahmed N.; Rashid, Farhan Lafta
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-015

Abstract

With an emphasis on Pump Station 1 (PS1) of the Basra Water Project (Open Canal) in Iraq, this study examines the essential hydraulic parameters of water pumping stations under transient flow situations. The study assesses the effects of routine operations, unexpected shutdowns, and surge tank installations on pressure stability and system flexibility using hydraulic modeling with HAMMER V8i. The findings show notable changes in pressure during brief occurrences. An abrupt shutdown without surge tank protection resulted in minimum pressures of 12.5 m in pipes L1 and L2, exposing them to hydraulic transient effects. The maximum pipe pressure under normal circumstances was 17.5 m (L3). Because of its exposure to low-pressure occurrences, the analysis identifies L1 as the most in-danger pipeline. It has been demonstrated that traditional operating procedures, which frequently ignore transient dynamics, increase the probability of service disruption and lead to inefficiency. In contrast, adding surge tanks reduces pressure variability and lessens the impacts of the water hammer, significantly increasing pressure stability, especially when three tanks are used. The results highlight how adaptable operational procedures are essential for employing and managing water delivery systems. According to the study findings, adding surge tanks improves durability and performance while lowering the risks of transient flow occurrences. This offers a guide for restructuring water pumping station operations.
Response of Long-term Cyclic Laterally Loaded Monopiles in Sand Khalaf, M. M.; El-Sherbeiny, Rami M.; Ebid, Ahmed M.; Agaiby, Shehab S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-012

Abstract

The offshore wind energy industry has grown rapidly, with large-diameter monopiles becoming the primary foundation choice for offshore turbines. Monopile designs emphasize serviceability and fatigue limits, enforcing strict rotation limits set by manufacturers. These structures face considerable lateral cyclic loads from waves, currents, and wind. Existing design codes such as API and DNV GL are commonly used but do not sufficiently capture monopile behavior under cyclic loading, particularly regarding load cycle count, amplitude, and type. Moreover, the dynamic response of the monopile-soil system, which affects the foundation’s natural frequency, depends on the pile-soil interaction stiffness—an aspect neglected in current standards. This research reports results from seventeen 1-g cyclic loading experiments and six monotonic tests on monopiles installed in dry sand. Findings reveal that cyclic deformation is significantly influenced by sand relative density, load cycle number, and cyclic load characteristics (magnitude and type). Cyclic loading also alters the pile-soil stiffness. Accumulated rotation grows exponentially with increasing load cycles, while cyclic secant stiffness increases logarithmically. The study further identifies asymmetric two-way cyclic loading as the most damaging load pattern for monopile performance.
WatAI: AI-Based System for Real-Time Flow Monitoring and Demand Prediction in Water Networks Ladino-Moreno, E. O.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-07

Abstract

Efficient monitoring and control of water demand are crucial for sustainable water resource management. Bogotá, Colombia, currently faces supply rationing due to climate change and ineffective public policies. This study presents WatAI (Water + AI), an AI-powered system designed for real-time flow monitoring and demand prediction in water distribution networks. The system integrates flow sensors, microcontrollers, and machine learning algorithms to capture high-resolution temporal data. A dynamic sequential artificial neural network (ANN) with ReLU activation and Adam optimization is implemented, allowing real-time adjustments (1 sec) to flow variations and anomaly detection. To enhance accuracy, the system applies real-time signal filtering and transmits early alerts via email to service providers. The ANN model achieved an MSE of 0.006510, demonstrating improved accuracy with increasing historical data. Compared to traditional forecasting models, WatAI provides higher temporal resolution and adaptability to demand fluctuations, making it a more effective tool for intelligent water management. The study contributes to the development of IoT-based smart infrastructures for sustainable urban water planning.
A Novel One-Sided Push-Out Test for Shear Connectors in Composite Beams Shather, Luay M.; Al-Shuwaili, M. A. Hussein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-05

Abstract

The small-scale push-out test (POT) is widely utilized to investigate the characteristic behavior of shear connectors as an available alternative to full-scale beam tests, which are often costly and time-consuming. However, several researchers have expressed issues regarding the POT specimen setup during testing due to inconsistencies between the results of POTs and beam bending tests. In this paper, a new configuration for a one-slab POT is developed to address these issues. To validate the developed method of testing, several POTs and OSPOTs were conducted and compared against each other and with those of previous research. The load-slip curves obtained from the OSPOTs were then evaluated against the curves obtained from four empirical expressions. Furthermore, a database of different POT configurations and setups, specifically 114 tests, selected from the previous research that employed the 19 mm shear stud, was analyzed in detail. Subsequently, the results of these tests and the proposed OSPOT method were compared with the predictions offered by several empirical equations. The results indicated that the results of the OSPOT are more consistent with the codes and empirical equations compared to typical POT. Hence, this OSPOT setup could be used as an efficient and economic option for the POT, as it has the potential to double the number of results for the same resources and simplify the casting procedure, which is particularly significant when numerous tests are required for the experimental campaign. Also, the OSPOT results revealed more ductile behavior for the shear studs, which is consistent with the full-scale beams’ testing.
Evaluation of Strength Characteristics of Cement-Stabilized Rammed-Earth Material Sahito, Abdul Munim; Memon, Rizwan Ali; Kumar, Aneel; Bhanbhro, Riaz
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-09

Abstract

The traditional method of rammed-earth construction is seeing a resurgence because of its minimal environmental impact and sustainability. Numerous elements, including soil composition, compaction procedure, stabilization methods, moisture content, and ambient conditions, affect the properties of rammed-earth materials. This research work aims to investigate the strength characteristics of cement-stabilized rammed-earth material. The strength characteristics involve compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. There are four soil types involved in the casting of cement-stabilized rammed-earth, i.e., 0C100S, 10C90S, 20C80S, and 30C70S. The moisture contents used are based on the OMC of Thar Desert sand, i.e., 11.5%, 12.5%, and 13.5%. While the cement contents used are, i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15%. The number of specimens cast is equal to 216. The results of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength tests conclude that strength increases with the increase in cement content; however, the increase in moisture content decreases the magnitude of compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. The increase in clay content up to 20% increases the compressive strength; a further increase in clay content, i.e., 30%, results in a reduction of compressive strength. The splitting tensile strength increases with the increase in clay content. The maximum compressive strength equal to 13.43 MPa is achieved in the specimen, i.e., 20C80S15c, with minimum moisture content used, i.e., OMC-1% (or 11.50%). While the maximum splitting tensile strength achieved is 6.68 MPa of the specimen, i.e., 30C70S15c, with a moisture content of 11.50%.
Analysis of Influence Factor of Soil-Structure Interaction Considered in Pile Analysis using Finite Element Analysis Kim, Jin; Lee, Jong-Young; Lim, Da-Bi; Han, Jung-Geun
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-04

Abstract

This study evaluates two often‑overlooked factors in pile analysis (passive earth pressure and the pile-soil contact method) and quantifies their combined influence on load–settlement response, shaft friction, and stress distribution. Conventional finite element analyses rarely consider both passive earth pressure and pile–soil slip simultaneously. This research quantifies the influence of these two factors on the load–settlement behavior, shaft friction, and stress transfer mechanisms of a single square pile. A laboratory model test was conducted using a 50 × 50 × 150 mm model pile embedded in loose sand with a relative density of 25%, and the same conditions were replicated using a 3D FEM model in ANSYS. The soil was modeled using the Mohr–Coulomb model, with parameters obtained from direct shear tests, and the pile was defined as a linear elastic material. The lateral boundaries were defined under two conditions: a general roller-type boundary and a new boundary condition incorporating depth-dependent passive earth pressure. Interface behavior was analyzed with both bonded and frictional contacts. The passive earth pressure boundary condition reduced post-yield settlement error from 22% to 6% and increased calculated shaft friction by 4%, resulting in a post-yield settlement curve that closely matched the experimental results. Bonded contact overestimated the bearing capacity by 17% and produced unrealistic stress concentrations, while Frictional contact accurately reproduced the observed slip surface and ultimate bearing capacity within a 3% margin of error. Parametric analysis revealed that the elastic modulus governed pre-yield stiffness, whereas the friction coefficient primarily influenced plastic deformation behavior. By combining the depth-dependent passive earth pressure boundary with experimentally calibrated frictional contact, this study successfully captured both lateral confinement effects and interface slip, which are typically analyzed separately. Consequently, the predictive accuracy for settlement and bearing capacity of friction piles in sandy soils was empirically improved.
Concrete Strength Evaluation Using Manufactured Sustainable Binary-Cement (SI): New Approach Case Study Al-Baghdadi, Hayder A.; Abbas, Zena K.; Abbood, Ahlam A.; Mahmood, Raghad S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-019

Abstract

The production of sustainable binary cement represents an innovative approach in blended cement manufacturing, aligning with environmental objectives by reducing the reliance on ordinary Portland cement and supporting waste disposal efforts. This study explores the partial replacement of cement with high-fineness powders derived from crushed and ground clay brick (CB) and window glass (WG) waste materials, used at replacement levels of 5%, 10%, and 15%. These materials were processed using a storming machine to achieve the desired particle fineness and incorporated into the cement to create what is referred to as sustainable cement (SI). The resulting binary cement formulations were evaluated and found to comply with the setting time, compressive strength, and chemical specifications outlined in ASTM C595. To further assess their performance, the sustainable cements were tested in concrete mixtures designed for three compressive strength levels—2000 psi, 5000 psi, and 7000 psi—in accordance with ACI 211.1, representing low, medium, and high strength applications, respectively. Two groups of mix designs were developed: MSI-B5, MSI-B10, MSI-B15 (with CB powder replacing 5%, 10%, and 15% of cement), and MSI-G5, MSI-G10, MSI-G15 (with WG powder at the same replacement levels). The results demonstrated notable improvements in compressive strength at the low-strength level. Specifically, cumulative strength increases were recorded as 15.8%, 21.9%, and 13% for MSI-B5, MSI-B10, and MSI-B15, respectively, and 12.2%, 15.5%, and 8.1% for MSI-G5, MSI-G10, and MSI-G15, respectively, when compared to the reference mix. In addition to compressive strength, enhancements in flexural and splitting tensile strengths were also observed, exhibiting a strong correlation with compressive performance. These findings support the potential of sustainable binary cement—utilizing CB and WG powders—as a viable and environmentally friendly alternative in concrete production across varying strength classes.
Phosphate Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Eggshell and Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) Mixture López-Bermúdez, Nury Lorena; Rodríguez-Torres, Andrea Catalina; Otálvaro-Álvarez, Ángela María; Peña-Guzmán, Carlos Andrés
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-016

Abstract

The use of bioadsorbents for the removal of pollutants is being increasingly investigated worldwide due to their high efficiency and the potential use of various natural sources. The present study introduces a novel approach for phosphate adsorption using sacha inchi cuticle and eggshell mixture. These materials were pyrolyzed (400°C for 20 min) and mixed in a 1:10 (eggshell:cuticle) ratio. An adsorption study was carried out using synthetic phosphate solution concentrations of 0–300 mg/L and adsorbent masses of 0.1–1 g/100 mL. The temperature, pH and stirring were kept constant (25°C, pH:5 and 150 rpm) during the tests. The phosphate adsorption capacity increased as higher phosphate concentrations were used, reaching a maximum of 300 mg/L. However, differences in removal were observed when varying the amount of adsorbent used, reaching equilibrium in approximately 1 h, with a percentage of phosphate removal between 31 and 41%. The adsorption process followed a Freundlich isotherm with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, suggesting a multilayer adsorption process. According to the SEM-EDX results confirmed a high concentration of carbon and oxygen in the sacha inchi cuticle, in that sense, this by-product could be evaluated for the removal of other contaminants from water.
LiDAR-Based Pothole Patching Quantity Estimation and Cost Saving Analysis Using Segmented TIN Model Khan, N. H. Riyaz; Kumar, S. Vasantha
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-021

Abstract

Potholes represent a significant form of road distress, and the conventional method for estimating the required repair material typically assumes a cuboidal shape for each pothole. This approximation often leads to an overestimation of pothole volume, resulting in excessive patching material and increased costs. To address this limitation, the present study introduces a LiDAR-based segmentation and digitization method. This approach utilizes only the point cloud data of potholes obtained via terrestrial laser scanning to generate accurate 3D surfaces, contours, and a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), thereby enabling precise volume and patching quantity calculations. The findings revealed that the volume and patching quantity estimated using the traditional cuboidal method are two to four times greater than those calculated through the proposed LiDAR-based approach. This clearly demonstrates that the conventional method leads to unnecessary procurement of patching materials. Cost analysis further indicated that the LiDAR-based approach could result in savings of approximately INR 3,500 per pothole in India, $262 in the USA, and £150 in the UK. Given that millions of potholes are repaired annually in each country, adopting the proposed LiDAR-based method has the potential to yield substantial cost savings on a national scale.
Revolutionizing Self-Healing Asphalt: Optimized Encapsulated Rejuvenators for Enhanced Durability and Sustainability Al-Khafaji, Fatimah Fahem; Hashim, Tameem Mohammed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 7 (2025): July
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-011

Abstract

In an era where sustainable infrastructure is crucial, self-healing asphalt emerges as a transformative solution to enhance pavement longevity and reduce maintenance costs, addressing the global challenge of deteriorating road networks. This study presents a pioneering investigation into the development and performance evaluation of encapsulated rejuvenators for self-healing asphalt, utilizing two distinct compositions; waste cooking oil (WCO) and Fischer-Tropsch bright stock oil (FTBSO), across three capsule sizes (1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm). Through the experimental tests on compressive strength, thermal stability, and rupture resistance under wet conditions, the ongoing study highlights the critical influence of capsule size and composition on the mechanical performance, as well as the resistance to degradation and oxidation under similar asphalt production conditions, including applied stresses and temperatures. The findings indicate the superior performance of 3 mm FTBSO-based encapsulated rejuvenators, which exhibit exceptional compressive strength (155 N), minimal weight loss (2% at 200° C after 1-hour short-term aging), and high rupture resistance (80 minutes to break under moisture at 100° C), making these capsules ideal for withstanding mechanical and thermal stresses, while ensuring effective crack repair. In addition, both 2 mm and 3 mm FTBSO- and WCO-based rejuvenator capsules demonstrated high resistance to compressive stresses, excellent thermal stability, and strong rupture resistance, making these capsules suitable for self-healing asphalt applications. In contrast, 1 mm WCO-based rejuvenator capsules exhibited the lowest compressive strength (32 N), the highest weight loss (10% after 1 hour of short-term aging at 200° C), and the fastest rupture under moisture (18 minutes to break at 100° C), making these capsules the least suitable for self-healing asphalt applications.

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