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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 25 Documents
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Search results for , issue "vol. 12 no. 5 (2026): may" : 25 Documents clear
Monitoring Compressive Strength Development of Mortar Using Cement-Based Piezoelectric Composite Under Low Electric Field Polarization Gati Annisa Hayu; Wahyuniarsih Sutrisno; Kiki Dwi Wulandari; Priyo Suprobo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-08

Abstract

The Cement-based Piezoelectric Composite (CPC) used in this research is a 0-3 type, composed of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) powder and cement with a 50:50 volume ratio. The CPC was produced under low electric field polarization with specific durations: C1 (250 V/mm, 40 minutes), C2 (250 V/mm, 60 minutes), C3 (375 V/mm, 40 minutes), and C4 (375 V/mm, 60 minutes). CPC was embedded inside the mortar to monitor the strength development for 90 days using the Electromechanical Impedance (EMI) technique. The results show that the conductance decreases (resistance increases) as the compressive strength increases. A more thorough analysis was conducted using the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) technique, which serves as an effective indicator of concrete strength development and damage. This analysis aims to establish a quantitative correlation between the sensor's conductance and the mortar's strength as it develops. The results show that the increase in compressive strength corresponds with an increase in conductance RMSD, which indicates the sensor sensitivity. Furthermore, the C4 sample exhibits the greatest sensitivity and capability for monitoring the development of compressive strength. Even though the d33 values are relatively low, at 4.87 pC/N, C4 can detect the compressive strength up to 90 days with a broad frequency range of 300-1000 kHz. CPC with low electric field polarization can still be utilized as an embedded sensor to monitor the development of compressive strength in cementitious materials.
Investigation of Rainwater Infiltration Effect on Cracked Soil Using Seepage Analysis Putu Tantri K. Sari; Himatul Farichah; Yudhi Lastiasih; Indrasurya B. Mochtar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-011

Abstract

This research is focused on examining the influence of crack position on slope stability, pore water pressure dynamics, and groundwater level rise induced by prolonged rainfall using seepage analysis. The adoption of a novel integrated method that coupled finite element (SEEP/W) and limit equilibrium (SLOPE/W) analyses led to the introduction of a systematic methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of horizontal drains specifically designed to suit pre-existing crack locations. The results showed that surface cracks in unsaturated soil triggered pore water pressure build-up and groundwater rise, forming localized saturated zones at crack tips after 40 days of continuous rainfall (6 hours/day). Horizontal drains significantly improved stability when positioned near cracks, increasing safety factors by approximately 13% and 6% for slope-surface and mid-slope cracks, respectively. However, it proved ineffective for drains located away from the slope edge. The main novelty centered on quantifying the location-dependent efficacy of drains, establishing a critical zone of influence for optimal drain placement. In addition, the conventional one-size-fits-all method adopted for drain installation was disputed. Field validation using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) showed that deeper rainwater infiltration realized through cracks during wet seasons supported numerical predictions. The results obtained were in line with the critical role of crack location in drain design. These also provided actionable, location-specific insights for landslide reduction on cracked slopes.
Behavior of Rocket Piles Embedded in Sand under Static and Quasi-Static Cyclic Loading Mohamed Elsiragy; Waseim Azzam; Ali Basha
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-013

Abstract

Pile foundations used in marine and onshore structures are often exposed to repeated axial loading, which can reduce their capacity and increase settlement over time. To address this issue, this study aims to evaluate the performance of rocket piles in sand and to understand how modifying pile geometry can enhance axial capacity under both static and quasi-static cyclic loading. A series of 1-g physical model tests were carried out to investigate the influence of sand relative density, pile slenderness ratio (L/D), fin-length ratio (Lf/L), fin-width ratio (b/D), fin location along the shaft, and surface roughness (Ra) on load–settlement behavior. The experimental results show that adding fins to the pile shaft significantly increases ultimate load capacity and reduces settlement compared to conventional smooth piles. The improvement is particularly noticeable under quasi-static cyclic loading, where fins help mobilize greater shaft resistance and limit the accumulation of settlement. Furthermore, larger fin-width and fin-length ratios provide greater performance enhancement. The main contribution of this study is the experimental evaluation of rocket piles under cyclic conditions and the development of practical design charts that allow engineers to estimate load improvement and settlement reduction based on fin geometry and surface characteristics, offering a more economical and efficient foundation solution in sandy soils.
Evaluation of Double-Vacuum Saturation in Triaxial Testing of Compacted Clay: A Comparison with Back-Pressure Methods Muhammad Riza; H. Nawir; E. Rismantojo; Fourier D. E. Latief
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-04

Abstract

Achieving full saturation in consolidated triaxial testing is challenging, especially for compacted and residual soils with low water content and complex microstructures. Conventional back-pressure saturation can cause disturbance and leaching, leading to unreliable results. This study evaluates the double-vacuum (DV) method to reduce sample disturbance and better preserve microstructure during testing of compacted kaolin clay. Two methods—back pressure (NV) and double-vacuum (DV)—were compared using the consolidated undrained triaxial test and micro-CT imaging. The DV method reached a Skempton B-value ≥ 0.95 at lower pressure (150-200 kPa) in 8 hours, while NV needed up to 450 kPa and 50 hours. The DV approach halved axial and radial deformation and resulted in lower changes in void ratio (De/e0 ≈ 0.055), indicating improved sample integrity. Micro-CT showed a more uniform pore distribution and lower residual porosity (0.43%) versus NV (1.04%). These results suggest the DV method is a more reliable, less intrusive way to prepare fine-grained soils for triaxial testing, with significant implications for geotechnical labs, especially where high-pressure systems are limited.
Anchorage Performance of Headed Reinforcement Bar Embedded in Roof Exterior Beam-Column Joints Zev Al Jauhari; Tomoya Matsui
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-02

Abstract

The anchorage behavior of headed reinforcement bars embedded in roof exterior beam–column joints is influenced by the presence and configuration of supplementary reinforcement bars. This study aims to develop an improved predictive formulation for anchorage capacity by introducing a modification factor that accounts for the effect of supplementary bars through a combined numerical and analytical approach. A three-dimensional nonlinear FE model was developed and validated against previously reported pullout test results for load–displacement response, crack propagation, reinforcement strain behavior, and stress distribution. The numerical results showed agreement with experimental observations and accurately captured the failure modes. To further interpret the internal force mechanism, a three-dimensional strut-and-tie model (STM) was formulated based on principal stress trajectories obtained from FE analysis. The proposed STM successfully predicted the anchorage capacity, consistent with the experimental results. Parametric studies revealed that increasing the supplementary bar ratio significantly enhances pullout capacity by enlarging the compression strut area and improving confinement within the joint region. Based on regression analysis of the STM results, a new coefficient was introduced to refine the modified Kubota and Murakami empirical formula, incorporating the effect of supplementary bar ratio. The revised formulation provides improved prediction accuracy with low statistical dispersion.
Investigating the Effect of Trivalent Chromium Cr(III) Contamination on Geotechnical Properties of Clayey Soil Ali H. Bhatti; Mohammad J. Qadeer; Salman A. Suhail; Usman Pervaiz; Muhammad Qasim; Imtiaz Afzal Khan; Eui-Jong Lee; Sungju Lm; Kang Hoon Lee
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-019

Abstract

Industrial wastes in the form of chromium, generated by leather industries, commonly contaminate soil, affecting its geotechnical properties. The present study examines the impact of trivalent chromium Cr(III) on the soil’s mechanical, physiochemical, and microstructural properties. The soil and Cr(III) were collected from an industrial area in Sheikhupura, Pakistan, and are mixed in various proportions ranging from 0% to 50% by weight to simulate various contamination levels. A detailed experimental program that included index and strength testing, in addition to physiochemical analysis, was carried out. Modifications in microstructure and mineralogical composition were also examined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results showed an increase in the soil strength characteristics, with maximum dry density (MDD) and cohesion enhanced up to 15% and 12%, respectively, with an addition of Cr(III) up to 20% contamination concentration. Notable reduction in the soil pH was also observed, indicating the acidic impact of Cr(III). Microstructural examination affirmed significant mineralogical rearrangement, with quartz remaining the dominant mineral. The results provided useful insights into the geotechnical implications of Cr(III) contamination in clayey soils and will contribute to improved assessment of the soil behavior in industrially contaminated zones.
Rockfall Dynamics During Volcanic Eruptive Phases: A Statistical Assessment Jelena Koritnik; Juan C. Santamarta; Noelia Cruz-Pérez; Matej Horvat; Luis E. Hernández-Gutiérrez; Rafael García Martín; Sergio Leyva
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-014

Abstract

The Canary Islands, a volcanic archipelago off the northwest coast of Africa, are frequently exposed to geohazards. The 2021 Tajogaite eruption on La Palma provided an opportunity to assess how volcanic activity and related seismicity influence rockfall dynamics. This study statistically analyzed a dataset of 1,111 road-related rockfall incidents recorded between 2019 and 2024, comparing event occurrence, severity, and lithological distribution across pre-, syn-, and post-eruption periods. Events were classified based on operational descriptors, and linked to geological units to evaluate lithological controls. While the total number of events remained nearly identical before (519) and after (517) the eruption, the normalized rate of rockfall occurrence increased during the eruptive phase. Lithological distributions also differed across periods: altered basalts consistently recorded the highest number of incidents; pyroclasts and colluvium increased syn-eruption likely due to seismic shaking; and fresh basalts declined post-eruption, suggesting prior mobilization of unstable material. This study provides empirical insight into how eruptive processes influence infrastructure-related rockfall hazards on volcanic islands characterized by steep topography and narrow, low-redundancy mountain road networks. Nevertheless, rockfalls also occurred consistently during non-eruptive periods, highlighting the need for continuous slope hazard monitoring in environments such as La Palma where both eruptive and non-eruptive processes threaten exposed infrastructure, population, and high tourist activity.
Pullout Capacity of Small-Scale Jack-Like Ground Anchor in Sand with Various Relative Density Dian Eksana Wibowo; Yusep Muslih Purwana; Bambang Setiawan; Galuh Chrismaningwang
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-018

Abstract

The pullout behavior of ground anchors in sand is governed by inter-particle friction and mechanical interlocking; however, conventional designs often fail to fully mobilize the surrounding failure zone, resulting in limited uplift capacity. To address this limitation, a jack-like ground anchor was developed, incorporating mechanically expandable wings to increase the soil–anchor contact area and enhance shear resistance. Laboratory pullout tests were conducted in a cylindrical steel tank to investigate the influence of relative density (Dr = 27%, 50%, 80%), embedment depth (H = 0.50–1.00 m), and wing opening angle (0°–75°) on the anchor’s performance. Test results interpreted using the Mazurkiewicz method revealed that increasing wing expansion and soil density substantially improved pullout resistance. In medium-dense sand, capacity increased by up to 250%, and in dense sand, up to 220%, depending on embedment depth. At the deepest embedment and densest condition, capacity increased from 6 kN (closed) to 16 kN (fully opened). These findings confirm that integrating geometric adaptability with soil density optimization significantly enhances uplift efficiency, providing a novel and practical solution for improving anchor performance in granular soils.
Characteristics of Liquefaction in Embankment Models Reinforced with Hybrid Piles Muhammad Yunus; Achmad B. Muhiddin; Tri Harianto; Ardy Arsyad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-024

Abstract

Liquefaction of saturated loose sand poses a serious threat to the stability of embankments subjected to seismic loading. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an innovative and environmentally friendly liquefaction mitigation technique using hybrid piles (HPs) that combine structural stiffness and vertical drainage functions. A series of 1-g shaking table tests was conducted on embankment models constructed over saturated sand with an initial relative density of 40%. The models were subjected to repeated sinusoidal seismic excitations with peak ground accelerations (PGA) ranging from 0.3 g to 0.5 g. The performance of the HPs system was assessed by analyzing cone penetration resistance, acceleration response, excess pore water pressure ratio, changes in relative density and void ratio, and surface settlement. The experimental results demonstrate that the HPs system significantly enhances soil densification and stiffness, as indicated by a 1.3–3.0-fold increase in penetration resistance and a relative density increase of up to 7–10% in deeper layers. The HPs system reduced the maximum excess pore water pressure ratio by up to 16.26%, thereby delaying liquefaction onset and enhancing pore pressure dissipation under repeated seismic loading. In addition, settlement was reduced by approximately 37–42% compared with the unreinforced model across all PGA levels. The novelty of this study lies in the integrated use of locally sourced timber and prefabricated vertical drains within a single reinforcement element, providing combined mechanical reinforcement and drainage enhancement. These findings confirm that HPs offer a sustainable and effective solution for mitigating liquefaction and controlling deformation in embankment foundations under seismic conditions.
Residential Building Resilience Model Against Seismic Disaster with Fuzzy Logic–Fragility Analysis Approach Setiono; Senot Sangadji; Stefanus A. Kristiawan; Nur Miladan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 5 (2026): May
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-05-015

Abstract

Residential buildings are part of the urban physical infrastructure most affected by a seismic disaster. The resilience (R) of residential buildings should be evaluated for disaster mitigation before, during, and after disasters to minimize potential damage. This study proposed an R evaluation model for residential buildings that combined a fragility analysis and a fuzzy logic approach. The developed model combined the functionality (q) and recovery time (t) to obtain the R index. A fragility analysis was used to calculate the q of residential buildings, where the t was normalized to the longest possible t (0–1) for input into the fuzzy inference process, which depended on government decisions and other factors, including the available budget and other conditions. Resilience (R) was computed using a fuzzy logic (FL) approach with the Tsukamoto inference system. The research resulted in a model for evaluating the R of residential buildings for seismic disasters. The value of the research lies in the conversion of probabilistic damage decisions into fuzzy representations of post-earthquake q and t, so that both variables can be coupled within a single decision-focused model. The model was applied to simulate the R of residential buildings in Surakarta City during an earthquake. One- and two-story buildings accounted for more than 98% of the residential building data. The R for residential buildings under the applied scenario for a spectral acceleration (Sa) of 0.16 g was quantified at 52.47%, indicating a condition of moderate resilience. The developed model can help the government to evaluate the R of residential buildings and can be adjusted for other components of urban infrastructure, such as transportation, electricity, and telecommunication networks.

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