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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 176   177   178   179   180 
A Procedure for Nonlinear Analysis of Laterally Loaded Single Piles and Pile Groups El-Garhy, Basuony M.; Alahmari, Turki S.; Abdel Galil, Ahmed M.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-05

Abstract

This research introduces an analytical procedure for simulating the nonlinear behavior of single piles and pile groups under lateral loads in multi-layered, heterogeneous soil. The methodology combines the finite element method, the p-y technique, and the p-multiplier concept. Duncan and Chang's hyperbolic equation, characterized by three parameters, was employed to represent the soil reaction for sand and clay soils. A newly proposed equation to derive p-multipliers as a function of a pile's location and spacing within a pile group. Its predictions show satisfactory agreement with those from existing methods. The procedure was implemented in a computer program to enable rapid and accurate computation. The proposed program validation involved comprehensive comparisons against results from field load tests and sophisticated 3D finite element analyses. These comparisons confirm that the developed program is both reliable and efficient, making it well-suited for preliminary design stages. A subsequent parametric study on a single pile revealed that replacing soft upper clay with a compacted sand layer significantly decreases lateral deflection and bending moment. For the cases examined, an optimal compacted layer thickness of three pile diameters and a stiffness 5.6 times that of the native soft clay were identified.
Finite Element Analysis on Shear Responses of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with ETS-FRP Bars Bui, Linh Van Hong; Stitmannaithum, Boonchai
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-04

Abstract

This study conducts a numerical analysis on the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars with embedded through-section (ETS) technique. The study uses 3D nonlinear finite element method (FEM) and evaluates the shear features of ETS-FRP-strengthened beams in failure modes, shear capacity, stiffness, and ductility. The FE analyses consider the effects of key design parameters, including transverse steel stiffness (Eswρsw), ETS-FRP bar stiffness (Efρf), compressive strength of concrete (f’c), beam geometry, and the values of shear span-to-effective depth (a/d) ratio. Consequently, ETS-strengthened beams with higher concrete strength (f’c) or greater total rigidity of ETS and transverse reinforcement (Efρf + Eswρsw) showed notable improvements in stiffness and load-carrying capacity, with average increases exceeding 20%. The enhancement in shear strength from increased shear reinforcement stiffness is less pronounced in specimens with high concrete strength than in those with lower strength. ETS-strengthened beams with T-shaped sections exhibit more effective performance and safer failure modes. An enhancement in the a/d ratio reduces the stress in ETS bars but results in more ductile failures. This study also proposes a new analytical formulation for determining the maximum shear resistance of ETS-intervened beams, accounting for all failure modes. The model achieved an average predicted-to-tested shear maximum force ratio of 0.93 along with a coefficient of variation of 26%, demonstrating improved accuracy compared to existing models.
Multi-Spring Model and Pushover Analysis of Masonry-Infilled Wall in RC Frame Under Tsunami Loading Foytong, Piyawat; Thanasisathit, Nuttawut; Ornthammarath, Teraphan; Tirapat, Supakorn; Prasomsri, Jitrakon; Nanongtum, Aphidet; Ruangrassamee, Anat; Chindaprasirt, Prinya
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-013

Abstract

This study investigated the behavior of masonry-infilled walls (MIWs) within reinforced concrete (RC) frames when exposed to hydrodynamic forces from tsunamis by employing a multi-spring modeling approach across different inundation levels. The proposed analytical model divided the MIW into 1 to 5 horizontal nonlinear spring elements that were allocated along the wall's height. Each spring represented a segment of MIW and was defined by a tri-linear force–displacement relationship. The model was calibrated with the experimental data from previous studies and was analyzed using pushover assessment under uniformly distributed hydrodynamic forces corresponding to four tsunami inundation levels (0.25H, 0.50H, 0.75H, and 1.00H). The models, which had employed four or five horizontal springs, had most effectively replicated MIW behavior under tsunami loading at all inundation depths. Conversely, single-spring models tend to overestimate lateral resistance by up to 50%, particularly when the frame is only partially submerged. This discrepancy arises because less force is transmitted through the MIW, with a greater amount of it being transferred directly to the foundation. The utilization of several spring elements provided a realistic load path, improved the interaction between the frame and MIW characterization, and optimized the precision in simulating lateral resistance and post-peak behavior.
Life Cycle Assessment of Phosphogypsum as Filler Material for Coal Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Paulo, Jacob Louies Rohi W.; Pablo, Michelle Airah N.; Pocaan, Joshua P.; Promentilla, Michael Angelo B.; Beltran, Arnel B.; Madlangbayan, Marish S.; Palattao, Botvinnik L.; Ramirez, Jennyvi D.; Tabelin, Carlito B.; Resabal, Vannie Joy T.; Orbecido, Aileen H.; Tapia, John Frederick D.; Pausta, Carla Mae J.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-024

Abstract

The global accumulation of phosphogypsum (PG), with annual generation exceeding 175 Mt/year, presents significant environmental challenges. While studies have demonstrated PG's potential as a filler material in geopolymer composite, comprehensive environmental impact assessments of such valorization approaches remain limited. This study presents the first comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of acid- and alkali-activated PG-CFA geopolymers in the context of sustainable industrial waste management. Geopolymer technology can eliminate the need for traditional landfilling of PG in coastal areas and, therefore, reduce their negative environmental impacts. LCA was conducted to assess the impacts of repurposing 1kg functional unit of PG as geopolymer precursors coupled with acid- and alkali-based activators compared to the current disposal practices of these solid wastes. The inventory was modeled after a phosphoric acid plant using the wet dihydrate process, a coal-fired power plant, and a laboratory-scale coal fly ash-phosphogypsum geopolymer (FAPG) synthesis upscaled for industrial application. The most number of environmental benefits was observed for acid FAPG particularly via reductions in CO2-eq emissions by 40%, 90% in energy consumption, and 36% in mineral resource extraction. Alkali FAPG excelled in water acidification and scarcity by 60% and it could outperform acid FAPG environmentally via sensitivity analysis under a similar formulation blend. Further research can focus on optimizing FAPG formulation, finding alternatives for the acid and alkali activators, and reviewing industrial standards for widespread FAPG applications. These results imply the potential of integrating FAPG manufacturing in PG- and CFA-generating industries to emulate a circular economy.
Behavior of Full-Scale One-Way Semi-Precast Concrete Slabs with Varying Sizes and Shear Connectors Z. Naser, Kadhim; A. Al-Gusab, Hussein; Z. Thamer, Ansam; A. Almayah, Abdulamir; Sh. Mahdi , Muthana; D. Abdullah, Mazin
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-07

Abstract

This study investigates the structural performance of semi-precast concrete slabs (SPCSs), an innovative hybrid construction system that integrates factory-produced precast concrete units with a cast-in-place (CIP) concrete topping to create a composite structural element. This system offers notable advantages in terms of construction acceleration, improved quality control, and reduced labor requirements, as the precast unit serves as both a load-bearing component and a permanent formwork. To evaluate the structural behavior of the SPCSs, an experimental program was conducted on seven full-scale, one-way slab specimens with varying span lengths (4.75 m and 6.0 m), precast unit thicknesses (80 mm and 100 mm), and shear connector geometries (rectangular and triangular). A control slab without shear connectors was also tested to establish a baseline for comparison. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of shear connectors significantly enhanced structural performance. Specifically, the ultimate load capacity increased by 186.4%, and the cracking load increased by 220% compared to the control specimen. Rectangular connectors proved more effective than triangular ones in minimizing interface slip and enhancing ductility. The initial stiffness increased by 163.95%, while the energy dissipation capacity improved by 411.35%. Although variations in span length and topping thickness had relatively minor effects, the presence and geometry of shear connectors played a decisive role in ensuring effective composite action. All reinforced slabs exhibited flexural failure modes, indicating strong bonding and interaction between the precast and cast-in-place (CIP) concrete layers, whereas the control slab experienced premature failure due to interlayer debonding. Theoretical equations based on ACI 318-19 were used to estimate the nominal flexural capacities of the hybrid SPCS slabs, showing reliable agreement with the experimental results. These findings demonstrated the importance of shear connector design in maximizing the load-bearing capacity, ductility, and structural stiffness of SPCS systems under both service and extreme loading conditions.
Seismic Response Analysis of Buckling-Restrained Brace Frames Considering Brace Performance Degradation Ma, Qianying; Li, Yu; Xiong, Kun; Meng, Chenyang; Zhou, Jiale
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 9 (2025): September
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-09-09

Abstract

To elucidate the degradation mechanisms of the hysteretic behavior of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) in hot–humid service environments and their implications for structural seismic performance, this study tested six BRBs of identical specifications under different numbers of hygrothermal cycles (0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120), combining alternating high–low temperature hygrothermal exposure with subsequent quasi-static cyclic loading. The evolution of hysteretic performance parameters with cycle count was quantified. Test results indicate that hygrothermal cycling induces corrosion of the steel core and deterioration of the unbonded material, weakening interfacial bond strength and increasing axial friction effects; consequently, the tensile yield load, elastic stiffness, and ultimate tensile capacity decrease. Based on the experimental observations, a modified Bouc–Wen model was employed to simulate BRB hysteretic nonlinearity, and the identified parameter evolution closely reproduced the measured trends. The degradation model was further incorporated into time-history analyses to assess the influence of BRB performance deterioration on structural response for four representative bracing layouts: single-diagonal (symmetric), single-diagonal (asymmetric), chevron (inverted-V), and multi-story X-braced schemes. All layouts significantly reduced seismic responses; among them, the chevron configuration exhibited the lowest sensitivity to degradation, with response amplification after 120 hygrothermal cycles markedly lower than that of the single-diagonal asymmetric scheme. The findings provide an experimental basis and design reference for seismic design and durability assessment of structures in long-term hot–humid service regions.
Performance of Soil Biogrouting as a Subgrade Material of the Road Pavement Widjajakusuma, Jack; Waruwu, Aaazokhi; Kusnadi, Yulia Yunita; Lujaya, Jason; Wibowo, Kevin Aprilio
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-017

Abstract

Soft clay subgrade is unsuitable for road pavement because it has low bearing capacity and CBR value. Therefore, the soil needs stabilization, but with a sustainable stabilization method. One of these methods is biogrouting, namely grouting, which uses bacteria. Thus, the main objective of this study was to determine the performance of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria in stabilizing the soil. The performance of these bacteria was quantified by the CBR value and soil-bearing capacity experimentally in a laboratory model test with each soil thickness of 0-30 cm. The CBR value of the soil improved by the biogrouting method by about 4 times the CBR value of untreated soil. The increase in bearing capacity was obtained about 4 times for treated soil with Bacillus subtilis and about 5 times for treated soil with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The layer thickness significantly improves the performance of the subgrade at a layer thickness of 20 cm. The new result of this study is that both bacteria are native Indonesian bacteria, so they are suitable for use in Indonesia. In addition, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens has never been used in research to increase soil-bearing capacity.
Data-Driven Approach to Predict Fire-Resistance Ratings of Timber Columns Nguyen, Tu T.; Pham, Hung T.; Nguyen, Hung K.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-013

Abstract

This study aims to determine whether a data-driven-based approach provides more accurate predictions of timber fire-resistance ratings (FRR) compared to conventional empirical methods. To achieve this, a machine learning framework based on the Deep Belief Network (DBN) was employed. A comprehensive database collected from previously published reports was used to train and validate the DBN model. The model’s predictive performance was benchmarked against traditional empirical equations derived from mechanics-based methods. The comparison demonstrated that the DBN model provided superior accuracy in predicting fire-resistance ratings. Model evaluation was further conducted using the Coefficient of Determination (R²) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), confirming the robustness of the proposed approach. In addition, a parametric analysis was performed to assess the influence of input variables on the output. Results indicated that induced load (IDL) and breadth (BRH) were the most influential parameters, whereas ultimate strength (ULS) and elasticity modulus (ELM) had relatively minor effects. This study highlights the potential of advanced machine learning techniques, particularly DBN, to enhance predictive accuracy in structural fire engineering, offering a significant improvement over conventional calculation methods.
Efficacy of Plastic Waste Strips Towards Enhancement of Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams Muhammed, Sabah Hashim; Jadooe, Awad; AL-Khafaji, Ali Ghanim A.; Al Maimuri, Najah M. L.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-09

Abstract

The amount of plastic waste produced worldwide has been steadily rising. Manufacturing processes, service industries, and municipal solid waste produce a significant amount of waste plastic. One common construction and industrial waste that could be employed as shear reinforcement in concrete beams for specified purposes is the plastic waste strips, since they have relatively high tensile strength. Such plastic strips are used to tie clay bricks, floor finishing tiles, walkway finishing blocks, curbstones, and so on in different industrial products. This study examines an approach that uses plastic waste strips in place of conventional stirrups to enhance the shear performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. A set of shear tests was performed on carefully constructed 150 mm width × 225 mm depth × 1400 mm length beam specimens to evaluate failure mechanisms, modes of failure, crack patterns, and shear strength. All beams have the same flexural requirements, so they were ensured to fail by exceeding their shear strength under the applied load. This study examined five concrete beams that were reinforced internally using plastic waste strips in the shear region, as well as one control beam. The tested beams were reinforced using various strip spacings and configurations. The results of the tests indicated that increasing the plastic waste strips improved the concrete section shear strength. As the number of plastic strips in the section increases, the distance between each strip is drastically reduced, increasing the shear capacity of the beam. The experimental results indicate that the beam with six vertical plastic waste strips in its section has a 75% higher shear strength capacity than the reference beam without any transverse reinforcement. In addition, shear resistance is higher in the beam with plastic strips at 45° and 135° inclined angles than in the beam with vertical plastic strips in the same amount of plastic strips. Based on these findings, reinforced concrete beams can be utilized for specific purposes by employing plastic waste strips as transverse reinforcement to resist internal shear forces.
Leaching-Permeability Behavior of Collapsible Gypseous Soils Treated with Nano-Titanium Dioxide Jassim, Najwa W.; Azmi, Mastura; Fattah, Mohammed Y.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-06

Abstract

As a result of the limited studies that have been conducted on the utilization of nano titanium dioxide as a nanomaterial for stabilizing gypseous soils in geotechnical works, this study is directed to predict the changes in the coefficient of permeability k, the leaching strain, the total dissolved salts TDS, and the pH values with the changes in the percentages of nano titanium dioxide NTD. The gypseous soil samples were obtained from three sites located north of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, with different gypsum contents of about 34%, 50%, and 60%. Tests have identified the mechanical and physical characteristics of the studied gypseous soils. In addition, oedometer permeability leaching tests were conducted using an oedometer cell apparatus. The results of the tested gypseous soils presented a significant effect of NTD on reducing the coefficient of permeability k and cost-effectively, especially at 0.3 and 0.5% for the three tested soils. For S1 tested soil, the reduction percentages of the k values were 79.02% and 80.0% when treated with 0.3% and 0.5% of NTD, respectively. While for S2 tested gypseous soil, the reduction percentages were 75.9% and 79.1%, and 66.04% and 73.6% for S3 tested gypseous soil when treated with 0.3% and 0.5% of NTD, respectively. The treated gypseous soils are exposed to less gypsum dissolution, as the NTD material forms an impermeable layer to prevent direct contact between water and gypsum. This reduces gypsum dissolution and, thus, reduces leaching strain. For S1 tested soil, the percentage of reduction of the leaching strain was 90.5%, while for S2 and S3 tested soils, it was 91.2% and 89.9%, respectively, when 0.3% of NTD was applied. As the percentage of the NTD increased for S1, S2, and S3, the pH values decreased due to decreased TDS in the leached water, and it is clear that 0.3% of NTD gives a reliable pH value for the three tested soils. Considering these results, it appears that even small amounts of nano titanium dioxide have the potential to be an effective agent for reducing permeability and stabilizing collapsible gypseous soils in civil engineering projects, compared with other nano or traditional materials.

Page 178 of 185 | Total Record : 1848

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