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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 178   179   180   181   182 
Methodology for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Pre-Code Masonry Buildings Using Region-Specific Data Milkova, Kristina; Dumova-Jovanoska, Elena
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-02

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the seismic vulnerability of existing pre-code masonry structures through a multidisciplinary approach that integrates region-specific building typologies with site-specific seismic input. A key gap motivating this work is the absence of fragility curves for masonry structures typical of the region despite their prevalence and high seismic exposure. Recognizing the importance of reliable Seismic Hazard Assessment (SHA) in risk evaluation, a scenario-based Neo-Deterministic Seismic Hazard Assessment (NDSHA) approach was employed. This method incorporates a detailed understanding of the region’s tectonic regime, active fault systems, earth crust structure, and historical seismicity to produce realistic site-specific response spectra for analysis. The seismic capacity of the structures was assessed using multiple iterations of a nonlinear static (pushover) analysis, accounting for uncertainties in the material and geometric input parameters. The structural displacement was used as the primary damage index, and the damage was classified into five discrete damage grades. Consequently, new fragility and reliability curves were developed: (i) a general set for unreinforced masonry (URM) structures, (ii) four regional sets corresponding to distinct zones within the country, and (iii) two sets differentiating between regular and irregular plan configurations. The novelty of this study lies in the development of region-specific fragility curves for URM buildings, providing urgently needed tools for seismic risk assessment and supporting mitigation strategies and decision-making at the local and national levels.
Evaluating the Role of Polymer Concrete in Enhancing Long-Term Performance and Reducing Early Age Cracking Ahmad, Omar A.; Alkasassbeh, Abdelmajeed; Alma’aitah, Mohammad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-023

Abstract

This study evaluates the potential of polymer concrete (PC) to reduce early-age cracking and improve long-term durability compared to traditional Portland cement concrete (PCC). It investigates the effect of varying polymer-to-aggregate ratios (5%-20%) on mechanical properties, early-age cracking, and durability under extreme environmental conditions, including freeze-thaw cycles, high temperatures, and chemical exposure. Experimental tests were conducted to measure compressive strength, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and durability of PC under accelerated aging conditions. The methodology involved mixing epoxy resin with selected aggregates to create different PC formulations. Tests such as restrained shrinkage, freeze-thaw, sulfuric acid immersion, and high-temperature exposure simulated real-world conditions. Results showed that PC with 15%-20% polymer content reduced early-age cracking by up to 56%, increased compressive strength by 28%, and exhibited superior resistance to freeze-thaw cycles and chemical degradation compared to PCC. The main contribution of this study is a comprehensive comparison between PC and PCC under accelerated aging, providing insights into the optimal polymer-to-aggregate ratio for maximizing performance and durability. These findings underscore the potential of polymer concrete as a durable, long-lasting material for high-performance infrastructure, especially in harsh environments. The research suggests that PC could extend the service life of concrete structures, lower maintenance costs, and offer a more sustainable alternative to traditional concrete.
Numerical Investigation for Selection the Optimal Flexural Strengthening Strategy of Reinforced Concrete Beams Abdulkhudhur , Raad; Hardan Dawood , Murtadha; Al-Quraishi, Hussein
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-016

Abstract

Reinforced concrete is the most widespread material that is used in structural applications. In structural systems, concrete beams can become damaged due to aging and increased design loads. Furthermore, for architectural purposes, specific dimensions may be imposed on concrete beams. For these reasons, it always needed to strengthen these beams. In this study, a numerical study was conducted to simulate the strengthening and improving of the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams using three techniques: carbon fiber (CFRP sheets), steel plate, and external bars. The numerical analysis was verified with previous experimental studies. For the parametric study, the thickness, number of layers, and tensile strength were adopted for the CFRP strengthening technique. For the steel plates, the effect of changing the thickness and number of layers and yield stress was studied. Finally, for the additional external bars, different ratios of longitudinal reinforcement were investigated. After conducting numerical analysis of the studied models, the results showed a clear increase in the ultimate load and stiffness of the beams when strengthened with carbon fiber and steel plate, especially when increasing the tensile strength and yield strength, which was the most influential parameter, compared to a very limited effect of the number of layers due to the separation between the layers, especially for CFRP. However, both strategies showed brittle failure without clear ductility. Using additional external bars or increasing the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement was the most influential strengthening strategy in terms of increasing the beams’ capacity for bending and ductility.
Evaluation of Different Rapid Assessment Approaches for Seismic Risk Evaluation of Masonry Structures Radić, Josip; Işik, Ercan; Hadzima-Nyarko, Marijana
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-01

Abstract

Masonry structures hold notable historical and cultural significance but exhibit inadequate seismic performance due to low-strength materials and structural limitations. This paper aims to investigate and prioritize the seismic risk of masonry buildings to support preservation strategies, enhance urban resilience, and contribute to sustainability. To achieve this, different rapid assessment methods were comparatively applied, providing a practical alternative to detailed seismic analysis, which was impractical for large building stocks. This study focused on the masonry structures of Osijek, a city characterized by moderate seismic hazard, where these buildings are vital to the cultural heritage, tourism, and identity of the local community. Risk prioritization was conducted for 105 masonry buildings using data collected through systematic field observations and measurements. Findings indicate that while rapid assessment methods provide valuable insights for identifying vulnerable structures, their sensitivity and applicability vary according to building characteristics and the available data. The comparative analysis emphasizes that some methods are more effective at detecting structural deficiencies, whereas others are more suitable for large-scale screening when resources are limited. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the efficiency and limitations of different rapid assessment approaches, thereby advancing knowledge in seismic risk prioritization and providing guidance for heritage protection and disaster risk reduction.
Climate Change Impacts on Rainfall Variability and Adaptive Reservoir Operation in a Multi-Reservoir System Leda, Alexander; Tahir Lopa, Rita; Maricar, Farouk; Karamma, Riswal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-08

Abstract

Changes in rainfall patterns driven by climate change have altered the hydrological regime of river basins, creating substantial challenges for water resources management, particularly in the operation of the Batutegi cascade system comprising the Batutegi Dam, Way Sekampung Dam, Argoguroh Weir, Margatiga Dam and Jabung Weir. This study assesses the impacts of climate change on rainfall intensity, dependable flow, and water allocation modeling within the Sekampung River Basin. The analysis employed five rainfall datasets downscaled from the NASA Earth Exchange Downscaled Climate Projections at 30 arc-seconds (NEX-DCP30) and simulated using five CMIP6 models for both the historical period (1980–2014) and future projections (2024–2100). Results indicate that CMIP6 projections reproduce rainfall patterns reasonably well during January–February and May–July, but perform less consistently in March–April and October–November. Most models tend to overestimate the mean annual rainfall. Rainfall variability contributes to pronounced fluctuations in river discharge, particularly during the dry season. Dependable flows show marked changes, especially within the exceedance probability range of Q10% to Q100%. Although an overall increasing rainfall trend is observed, the system is still able to satisfy water demand under the 2023 operating rules, with potential deficits persisting during critical periods. Optimization modeling further demonstrates the necessity of adaptive reservoir operation rules under climate change, which could improve the reliability of meeting multisectoral demands to approximately 80%. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating climate model projections into watershed-based water resources management to strengthen resilience against extreme hydroclimatic variability.
Development of Sustainable Self-Compacting Concrete Using Slag Sand and Expanded Clay Aggregates Bala, Usha Rani; Bhavani, R.; Jawahar, J. Guru
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-015

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop a sustainable self-compacting concrete (SCC) by partially replacing natural aggregates with slag sand (SS) and lightweight expanded clay aggregate (ECA) in combination with a ternary binder system, thereby enhancing both performance and environmental sustainability. The methodology involved preparing thirty SCC mixes of M30 grade using 65% Ordinary Portland Cement, 25% fly ash, and 10% silica fume as binder, with slag sand replacing river sand at 20–100% and ECA replacing coarse aggregate at 20–100%. Fresh properties were evaluated through slump flow, T50, V-funnel, L-box, and U-box tests following EFNARC guidelines, while mechanical strength (compressive, split tensile, and flexural) was measured at 7, 28, and 90 days. Durability was assessed through sulphuric acid and magnesium sulphate exposure, and microstructural behavior was studied using FTIR and TGA. Results revealed that mixes with higher ECA content enhanced flowability, with A2B10 achieving superior workability (slump flow 694 mm, T50 2.9 s), while A2B6 (20% SS + 20% ECA) achieved optimum strength (45.21 MPa compressive) and durability retention under aggressive exposures. The novelty of this work lies in demonstrating the synergistic role of slag sand and ECA in producing SCC with enhanced performance, reduced natural aggregate usage, and improved sustainability compared to conventional SCC.
A Comparative Study of a Series of Supervised Learning Models for Motorcycle Crash Injury Severity Prediction Sum, Sonita; Wisutwattanasak , Panuwat; Champahom, Thanapong; Jomnonkwao, Sajjakaj; Ratanavaraha, Vatanavongs
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-014

Abstract

Motorcycle crashes pose a major public health challenge in Thailand, where motorcyclists account for most traffic fatalities. This study aims to evaluate and compare the predictive performance of four supervised learning models—Decision Tree (DT), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Random Forest (RF)—for motorcycle crash injury severity using data from the Highway Accident Information Management System (2020–2022). After preprocessing, 36 explanatory variables covering roadway, environmental, accident causes, crash characteristics, and vehicle involvement were analyzed. To address class imbalance, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and cost-sensitive learning were applied, and models were validated using train–test splits with cross-validation. The Random Forest model achieved the best performance with an AUC of 0.726, balanced accuracy of 0.649, and Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) of 0.308, outperforming the other algorithms. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used to interpret the RF model, identifying nighttime crashes, large truck involvement, and roadway features (e.g., depressed medians and two-lane roads) as key predictors of severe outcomes. These insights suggest countermeasures such as improving nighttime safety, dedicating truck lanes, and designing safer medians. The novelty of this study lies in integrating model comparison, imbalance-aware metrics, and SHAP interpretability to provide actionable, context-specific policy recommendations for motorcycle safety in Thailand.
Recycled Steel Fiber-Reinforced Mortar with Embedded Structural Health Monitoring for Sustainable Construction Amjad, Umar; R. Irshidat, Mohammad; R. Maurya, Muni; Albeitjali, Naeem; K. Razack, Riyamol; Y. Kailani, Hashem; K. Sadasivuni, Kishor
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-019

Abstract

The study examines the mechanical and microstructural performance of eco-friendly mortar mixes that incorporate Recycled Steel Fibers (RSF) derived from waste tires. Four mortar formulations with varying RSF content (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% by volume) were evaluated for compressive strength, flexural strength, and electrical conductivity. Experimental results revealed that a 1.5% RSF mixture exhibited remarkable improvements in flexural strength, achieving a 67% increase compared to the control formulation while delivering a 12.6% enhancement in compressive strength. However, the 0.5% RSF mix showed reduced performance due to poor fiber dispersion, underscoring the importance of proper fiber distribution. Specific resistance decreased with RSF addition, indicating enhanced electrical conductivity, with the lowest specific resistance observed at 0.5% RSF on day 28. An empirical model using a fiber reinforcing index (ξ) was developed to predict strength behavior. A quadratic relationship was found to best describe compressive strength gains, while a linear model effectively captured the flexural strength trend. The models were calibrated using both experimental data and literature values, achieving high predictive accuracy. Electrical conductivity increased with RSF addition, and the slope of the specific resistance during loading correlated strongly with mechanical strength, highlighting its potential as a non-destructive structural health monitoring (SHM) indicator. SEM analysis confirmed improved matrix integrity and fiber–matrix interaction at the optimal 1% RSF content, which balanced strength gains and sensing capability. The study establishes RSF as a viable sustainable alternative to virgin steel fibers, providing both mechanical enhancements and self-sensing properties. This novel integration of electrical monitoring with mechanical testing and modeling provides new insights into recycled-fiber composites by enabling simultaneous enhancement of structural performance and real-time damage monitoring.
Passive Earth Pressure Analysis for Unsaturated Soils on Retaining Walls Incorporating Arching Effect Wang, Ding-Jian; Fan, Zhi-Qiang; Wang, Qian-Yun; Wen, Tao; Zhang, Ya-Hui
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-05

Abstract

Retaining structures in geological and geotechnical engineering are often embedded in unsaturated soil strata. Conventional methods for calculating earth pressure in unsaturated soils typically ignore the rotation of principal stresses in the backfill, a phenomenonknown as the soil arching effect. This study presents a novel analytical framework for determining the passive earth pressure in unsaturated soils that explicitly incorporates this arching effect. The proposed model accounts for both principal stress rotation and the hydro-mechanical coupling between matric suction and soil stress under groundwater influence. Based on the shear strength criterion for unsaturated soils, the model assumes a circular-arc trajectory for the rotating major principal stress, and hydrostatic seepage with matric suction distributed linearly with depth. Using a coordinate axis translation technique, quantitative relationships among lateral earth pressure, interlayer shear stress, and vertical stress are established. The force equilibrium equations for a horizontal differential soil element are then solved to derive closed-form expressions for the passive earth pressure distribution and resultant force. Validation against physical model tests and numerical simulations confirms the model’s accuracy and demonstrates its superiority over the extended Rankine theory, which systematically underestimates passive resistance. Parametric studies highlight the influences of groundwater depth, initial matric suction, and soil strength parameters. The proposed framework offers a more realistic and mechanically sound basis for the design of retaining structures in unsaturated soil environments.
Mechanical Performance of Volcanic Ash Concrete Showing Modulus Reduction with Strength Retention Pinto-Almeida, Carlos; Abril-Camino, Andrés; Abril-Camino, Daniel
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 10 (2025): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-10-024

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior of concrete that incorporates 51.3% raw volcanic ash into its structure, focusing on its static elasticity modulus and compressive strength. Cylindrical concrete samples were prepared via the mix design commonly used in practice in Baños, Tungurahua, Ecuador. Three curing methods were applied: immersion, water spraying, and no curing. Compressive strength tests were conducted at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, whereas the static modulus was measured at 28 days following ASTM C469. Despite the high use of ash in the mixture, the mixtures achieved adequate compressive strengths for structural applications, reaching 28.05 MPa. However, a significant reduction in the static modulus was observed, with experimental values of approximately 7.06 GPa, whereas the value of 24.89 GPa was predicted by the equations given in ACI318. The use of raw volcanic ash in structural mixes requires modifications to deformation and stiffness calculations to ensure seismic performance, suggesting the need to review local regulations on traditional mixes. Based on the experimental data, an alternative empirical model, the VAM model, was proposed to better predict the elastic modulus of concrete with high volcanic ash content. The findings reveal a dual function of ash, acting as a pozzolanic material and as a low-density aggregate, highlighting the need to adjust the design equations when raw volcanic ash is used. This work contributes to the sustainable design of concrete mixtures in seismic regions.

Page 180 of 185 | Total Record : 1848

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