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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 179   180   181   182   183 
A Comparative Study of PCA and KPCA for Groundwater Quality Index Estimation Abdelaziz, Shokry; Kheimi, Marwan; Eizeldin, Mohamed A. H.; Safi Ahmed, Hassan
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-02

Abstract

Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for ensuring human welfare and promoting sustainable economic development. This study evaluates the effectiveness of linear Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and nonlinear Kernel PCA (KPCA) in developing a reliable Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) for Qena, Egypt. Using ten hydrochemical parameters from seventy-three groundwater samples, we compare the performance of four kernel functions within the KPCA framework. The PCA-based GWQI classified 71.0% of samples as suitable for irrigation, closely aligning with the Wilcox Diagram classification (76.7%). In contrast, KPCA with linear, polynomial, sigmoid, and radial basis function kernels yielded suitability rates of 58.9%, 52.1%, 63.0%, and 58.9%, respectively. These values are consistent with USSL (53.4%) and Na% (53.4%) classifications. Notably, the sigmoid kernel in KPCA demonstrated stronger correlations with Key hydrochemical parameters, effectively capturing nonlinear data structures. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for nonlinearity in groundwater quality assessment and demonstrate the potential of KPCA to improve GWQI accuracy. This comparative analysis highlights KPCA’s superiority over PCA for nonlinear datasets, providing enhanced tools for groundwater management and more reliable quality evaluations.
Shear Strength of One-Way Slabs Subjected to Concentrated Loads Al-Bayati, Ahmed F.; Farhan, Omar S.; M. Taki, Zahir Noori
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-013

Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) one-way slabs without transverse reinforcement are found extensively in bridge constructions. In the presence of concentrated loads (CLs) close to the supports, the shear strength (SS) of such slabs is usually determined using design expressions provided by the codes of practice that were derived originally from tests performed on beams or one-way slabs that were loaded along their entire width, which are inconsistent with the actual shear failure mechanism of one-way slabs under CLs. This paper presents an empirical SS model developed using the gene expression programming method (GEP), where the SS is related to six influencing parameters. The proposed model is derived employing the test results of 238 RC one-way slabs that experienced shear failure from the literature. The accuracy of the proposed model is measured using several statistical indices and compared with the existing shear design methods. The GEP model agreed favorably with the test results. The GEP model was also employed to conduct a parametric study for further validation and sensitivity analysis to define the contribution of input parameters to the SS. The parametric study demonstrated the efficiency of the GEP model in replicating the physical behavior, and the sensitivity analysis revealed that the SS is sensitive to the concrete strength and the shear span-effective depth ratio.
Assessment of Soil Shear Strength Parameters: Insights from Direct Shear and Direct Simple Shear Testing Kalumba, Denis; Babalola, Zainab; Aneke, Frank; Chebet, Faridah; Sobhee-Beetu, Laxmee
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-019

Abstract

The direct shear test is widely used to determine shear strength parameters ( ) of soil. However, its validity has been questioned due to several issues, such as uneven stress distribution, the creation of a predetermined failure plane, lateral constraints, difficulties in controlling drainage conditions, and limitations in measuring pore water pressure, which is essential for understanding soil behaviour under different conditions over time. This study addresses these concerns by comparing the shear strength parameters obtained from a direct shear test (DST) and a direct, simple shear test (DSST). To further explore these issues, a fully automated universal shear device was used to perform shear tests on clay, sand, and composite soil (clay + sand), covering both consolidated and shear phases of DST and DSST. Specimens were fabricated at their optimal moisture content, and the composite soil was developed by mixing clay with sand in proportions of 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the mass of sand. This research aims to clarify the relationship between these two testing methodologies through comprehensive testing and to enhance the knowledge of the principal mechanism of the 2 tests. The findings revealed that the DST yielded higher shear strength values than the DSST results. It was also observed that the friction angle of sand specimens generally decreased with the addition of clay for both tests. Additionally, the the kaolinite soil in DST and DSST, decreased in the sand as the clay contents increased.
Assessing Urban Characteristics: The C-DNA As a Catalyst of Urban Morphogenesis Alsaffar, Noor Hadi; Abdullah, Sally Fakhri Khalaf; Alobaydi, Dhirgham; Hussein, Mohammed Mahdi; Al-Qaysi, Marwan A. J.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-014

Abstract

Historic city centers are cultural archives where built forms and spatial practices hold the collective memory of generations. In Baghdad, the concept of Cultural DNA (C-DNA) is a tool to understand how cultural codes are the generative rules that shape the evolution and persistence of the historic urban fabric. This research explores the role of C-DNA as a trigger of urban morphogenesis in Rusafa, the historic heart of Baghdad, by looking into how cultural values underpin spatial continuity, change, and adaptability. The study uses Space Syntax methodologies with DepthmapX, supported by historical maps, surveys, and field observations, to analyze two morphological stages of Rusafa: 1850 and now. Through axial analysis, the research measures integration, connectivity, choice, and control to evaluate key urban characteristics: centrality, hierarchy, privacy, and territoriality. This comparative approach highlights both continuity and disruption in the historic fabric. The results show that cultural nuclei (mosques, markets, khans, and schools) are still the central points of the city, anchoring movement and interaction across centuries. Despite the disruption caused by modern interventions like Al-Rashid Street, the organic urban fabric still holds the capacity to sustain privacy, territoriality, and hierarchical spatial arrangements. The findings prove C-DNA is not a metaphor but an operational system that generates urban order and resilience. The study concludes that understanding C-DNA is crucial for developing sustainable revitalization strategies in Baghdad and similar Islamic historic cities. By treating culture as the city’s genetic code, planners and policymakers can design interventions that preserve cultural identity while accommodating urban needs.
Fragility Assessment of Cable-Stayed Bridge Towers Under Scaled Earthquakes Mamdouh, Nouran; Attia, Walid A.; Elbayomy, Mohamed S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-011

Abstract

Cable-stayed bridges exhibit exceptional vulnerability to seismic excitation, particularly under combined vertical and horizontal ground motions in tectonically active regions. This study characterizes the seismic fragility of cable-stayed bridge towers using comprehensive probabilistic assessment methodologies. The framework integrates fragility curve development and Monte Carlo simulation, employing 30 earthquake ground motion records to construct robust statistical models of structural response. Fragility functions quantify the probability of exceeding predefined damage states across varying seismic intensity measures, while Monte Carlo analyses capture the stochastic nature of behavior and highlight response clustering around mean performance levels for distinct classifications. The findings reveal pronounced structural vulnerabilities within cable-stayed bridge systems, shaped by both epistemic and aleatory uncertainties that may lead to progressive collapse under extreme seismic events. Computational results indicate that although responses converge statistically around expected values, considerable scatter persists across limit states. For instance, at Sa(T1) = 1.0 g, exceedance probabilities diverge significantly: OP is almost certain (>99.9%), IO reaches 86.5%, DC 46.9%, and CP only 10.9%. Under more severe shaking (2.0 g), DC exceedance exceeds 98%, while CP remains 31%, illustrating substantial variability in fragility across thresholds. These results underscore the urgent need for improved seismic design philosophies in cable-stayed infrastructure within hazardous environments. The research advances bridge engineering practice by clarifying fundamental vulnerability mechanisms and guiding the development of innovative material systems, retrofit strategies, and structural health monitoring protocols aimed at enhancing seismic resilience.
Performance Characterization for Polymer Modified Bitumen Contained Newly Used Terpolymer Chafat, Osamah H.; Al-Humeidawi, Basim H.; Abed, Alaa H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-022

Abstract

Polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) plays a vital role in extending the service life of hot mix asphalt (HMA) used in flexible pavement construction. Several types of polymers have been used to produce PMB, among which styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) is the most widely used. However, the use of SBS in PMB production presents several limitations, including storage stability issues, high mixing temperatures, and the requirement for a relatively high modifier content. The present research investigated the use of a new terpolymer, EVA-GMA (LOTADER® AX8670T), for PMB production and compared the resulting PMB with PMB produced using 4% SBS polymer. Rheological, performance, and chemical composition tests were conducted on neat bitumen as well as PMB modified with EVA-GMA and SBS. The results indicated that the optimal LOTADER® AX8670T content required to produce PMB was 2.5%. In addition, storage stability increased by 11% compared to 4% SBS-modified PMB. The viscosity was found to be 50% higher than that of asphalt modified with 4% SBS-PMB and 100% higher than that of unmodified asphalt. The performance grade (PG) was determined to be PG 82-10 for both PMB types, while unmodified bitumen exhibited a PG of 76-10. Based on these results, it can be concluded that PMB produced with LOTADER® AX8670T can perform comparably to SBS-modified PMB while requiring a lower modifier content, lower mixing temperatures, and offering improved storage stability, thereby enhancing economic, production, and environmental aspects.
Robust Ensemble Machine Learning for Flash Flood Susceptibility Mapping Across Semiarid Regions Talha, Soukaina; Akhssas, Ahmed; Aarab, Abdellatif; Aabi, Ayoub; Berkat, Badr; Amouch, Said
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-02

Abstract

Flash floods cause severe environmental and socio-economic impacts in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aims to improve the accuracy of flash flood susceptibility mapping in southwestern Morocco’s Assaka watershed by using an ensemble of machine learning models. Four models, Logistic Regression (LR), Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), were trained on a flood inventory of over 1.5 million data points and 14 environmental factors (e.g., altitude, slope, land surface temperature, soil moisture index). Each model produced a susceptibility map, and a voting ensemble of the top-performing models (all above 80% accuracy) further improved reliability. The MLP achieved the highest predictive performance, followed closely by LR and MDA. Sensitivity analysis identified altitude, topographic position index, land surface temperature, and soil moisture index as the most influential factors. The ensemble susceptibility map highlights densely populated areas near the city of Guelmim and infrastructure along major rivers as most prone to flash flooding. These findings enable practical mitigation measures such as improved drainage, early warning systems, and better land-use planning in high-risk zones. Integrating multiple models in an ensemble is a novel approach that reduces uncertainty and provides a more robust tool for flash flood risk prediction.
Effect of Air Pressure on Changes in Parameters and Soil Settlement Behavior in Very Soft Soils Sutarman, Encu; Wardani, Sri Prabandiyani Retno; Muntohar, Agus Setyo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-020

Abstract

An effective soil improvement method is essential in soft soil due to the poor bearing capacity for construction loads. To address the challenge, the use of the staged air pressure method with Suction Assisted Vacuum Preloading (SAVP) has shown significant potential when applied through Geosystem Air Booster Vacuum Preloading (GAVP), specifically designed with a sensor system as a real-time measuring tool for soil parameter changes. Therefore, this research aims to examine the effectiveness of the SAVP method in relation to the discharge of drained water from prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) on changes in soil parameters due to air pressure and vacuum using the GAVP tool. The method used five PVDs in large-diameter soil sample tubes, applying air pressure and vacuum simultaneously and selectively. This experimental setup was designed to examine the fundamental aspects of soil parameter changes, namely permeability, consolidation, and volume compression coefficient. The results showed that soil parameters during testing interacted with each other, where air pressure balanced with vacuum caused changes and optimized settlement and consolidation efficiency. Decreasing air pressure enhanced vacuum performance, causing a corresponding rise in soil settlement and consolidation degree. However, increasing air pressure decreased soil settlement and the degree of consolidation.
Shrinkage Characteristics and Abrasion Resistance of Porcelain Waste-Based Geopolymers Mortar Under Chemical Exposure Klingsad, Rada; Israngkura Na Ayudhya, Borvorn
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-012

Abstract

This study investigated microstructural analyses, dry shrinkage, and autogenous shrinkage of mortar using defective sanitary ware porcelain as a low-calcium material with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃). Additionally, the abrasive resistance of concrete was examined under chemical corrosion environments of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% H₂SO₄, HCl, and MgSO₄. The microstructural analyses using XRF, DTA-TGA, and SEM were conducted at 28 days. For specimen preparation, mortar specimens were oven-cured for 2 h at 105°C, while concrete specimens were oven-cured for 24 h and air-cured for 28 days before undergoing chemical immersion at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, and 90 days. NaOH concentrations of 8, 10, 12, and 14 Molar (M) were used. The results indicated that shrinkage in porcelain-based geopolymer mortars increased with higher NaOH concentration, and increasing the initial curing temperature led to increased mortar shrinkage. The autogenous shrinkage of 14M alkali-activated porcelain mortar was found to be higher than that of 8M, 10M, and 12M NaOH concentration mortars. Additionally, increasing the NaOH concentration reduced the abrasive resistance of the concrete. The maximum weight loss values were 8.21%, 6.91%, and 0.96% for 20% H₂SO₄ (90 days immersion), HCl (90 days immersion), and 20% MgSO₄ (90 days immersion), respectively. The microstructural findings confirmed the formation of gel-intact phases, highlighting the importance of curing time and NaOH concentration in low-calcium binder material. This study emphasized the critical role of curing temperature in optimizing the mechanical and durability properties of defective sanitary ware porcelain-based geopolymer.
Quantifying Slope Stability and Landslide Susceptibility Through Rainfall-Induced Geotechnical Assessment Nasir, Nur Fazielah; Mohamad, Habib M.; Haziq Rosly, Mohammad; Omar, Heryanti Awang; Hamansa, Harryanshah
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-017

Abstract

Landslides are a major hazard to people and infrastructure, especially in areas with weak geology and high rainfall. This study examined soil properties and slope stability in Ranau (RNU) and Kota Belud (KB), Sabah. Soil tests showed that RNU had 2–21% clay with cohesion of 3.49–9.7 kPa, while KB soils contained 2–17% clay, more sand and gravel, and much lower cohesion of 0.5–1.1 kPa, indicating weaker strength and higher permeability. Rainfall data from 2013–2023, provided by the Malaysian Meteorological Department, were used to develop Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves. Results showed that 1-hour intensities increased from 0.92 mm/hr at ARI-2 to 2.18 mm/hr at ARI-100, reflecting the variation of extreme rainfall. Slope stability was analyzed using GeoStudio’s SEEP/W and SLOPE/W to simulate infiltration and compute the Factor of Safety (FOS). In RNU, FOS rose from 2.481 to 2.565 after 24 hours, showing stable slopes. In KB, FOS declined from 2.495 to 2.379 under ARI-100 rainfall, along with higher pore-water pressures. Both slopes remained above the safe limit of 1.50, but KB proved more vulnerable to long rainfall. Compared with earlier studies, this research introduces a decade-long dataset combined with numerical modelling to demonstrate the dynamic response of tropical slopes. The findings provide practical contributions to slope design, drainage management, and disaster risk reduction in regions experiencing similar climatic and geological conditions.

Page 181 of 185 | Total Record : 1848

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