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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
 181   182   183   184   185 
GPR-Driven Geomechanical Modeling and Drill-Blast Optimization for Enhanced Efficiency in Open-Pit Gold Mining Almenov, Talgat; Zhanakova, Raissa; Shautenov, Mels; Askarova, Guljan; Agybayev, Nurdaulet; Assylkhanova , Samal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-010

Abstract

This study seeks to raise the operational efficiency and economic return of the Vasilkovskoye open-pit gold mine by integrating real-time ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) monitoring, geomechanical modeling, and digital optimization of drilling-and-blasting parameters. Continuous GPR scanning identified hazardous fracture zones that were subsequently characterized in DIPS and RS2 to model slope stability, while ShotPlus-based blast simulations and OrePro 3D displacement modeling guided the redesign of hole spacing, charge distribution, and delay timing. Fragmentation quality was verified with high-resolution photogrammetry and correlated to blast design through statistical analysis; a comparative techno-economic assessment quantified cost and dilution differentials between conventional and optimized schemes. The integrated workflow established a robust predictive link between blast geometry and fragment size, reducing oversize generation by 17% and ore dilution by 9%, while increasing gold grade in mill feed from 0.84 g t⁻¹ to 0.94 g t⁻¹. GPR-informed hazard mapping eliminated unplanned wall failures, and the revised pattern lowered specific explosive consumption without compromising fragmentation, cutting total unit costs by 8%. Unlike previous studies that treat slope stability and blasting as separate tasks, this study couples deformation dynamics with blast design in a single digital loop, offering a transferable framework for automation-ready, risk-aware mine planning at complex geological sites.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Evaluations of H-Steel Beams Strengthened with Various Types of Steel Stiffeners Atshan, Ali F.; Radi, Mohammed A.; Kadhum, Ali Kifah; Assi, Malik H.; Hacheem, Zuhair Abd; Taresh, Noor S.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-06

Abstract

Three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out to assess the impact of various types of lateral stiffeners on the response of steel beams. Hot-rolled simply supported H-steel beams were modeled in Abaqus and strengthened with centrally located vertical, V-shaped, inverted V-shaped, single X-shaped, or doubled X-shaped stiffeners. All these stiffeners possess a similar quantity of steel by varying the length and thickness of the stiffeners. The behavior of beams was studied in the elastic phase, hardening phase, necking phase, and failure. The yield stress, ultimate load, deflection value, and hardening in the three phases were also examined. It has been found that the findings indicate that altering the configuration of the stiffener, while maintaining its location and steel volume, can influence the response of the strengthened beam either favorably or adversely. Two stiffeners raised the yield load by 9.6%, the ultimate load by 10.8%, and elastic storage energy by 70% above the reference beam. One kind of stiffener increases in the plastic region, two types drop somewhat, and two others decrease significantly. The necking region shows a rise of 237% in one threshold and 36% to 90% for the other beams compared to the reference beam. Furthermore, the software provides a definitive indication of the kind of stiffener and the degree of its advantage, while simultaneously revealing the type of stiffener that is not advantageous.
Self-Cleaning Cement Material with Bismuth Titanate Photocatalytic Additive Kozlova, Irina; Dudareva, Marina; Zemskova, Olga; Korshunov, Andrey; Samchenko, Svetlana
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-014

Abstract

Nowadays, mortars are building materials with various properties that can be achieved through the careful selection of components and the introduction of different modifying additives. An additive based on the TiO₂–Bi₂O₃ oxide system can be considered a modifying component with photocatalytic and biocidal properties capable of decomposing organic pollutants, viruses, bacteria, and fungal spores. The purpose of the work was to obtain cement compositions containing the additive, study their physical and mechanical properties, evaluate their photocatalytic activity in accordance with the UNI 11259-2016 standard, and assess their resistance to mold fouling. In this study, samples of cement–sand plaster with the TiO₂–Bi₂O₃ additive synthesized via citrate-based technology at 1.7 and 5.0 wt.% were prepared, and their physical, mechanical, photocatalytic, and biocidal properties were examined. As a result, the authors identified photocatalytic activity in both the UV and visible spectra, achieving 69% after 26 hours of UV irradiation. The samples demonstrated 100% resistance to mold fouling. The compressive strength of the modified samples increased by 32.0–39.0%; bending strength by 33–38.0%; and adhesion strength to the base by 60–70%. The cost calculation also confirmed the feasibility of introducing the additive at 1.7 wt.% into the cement composition. The resulting cement material formula can be recommended for designing fungi-resistant, self-cleaning plasters.
Probabilistic Reliability Framework for Nanomaterial-Stabilized Soft Clays: Model Calibration and Geometry Effects Khalaf, Fawzi Kh.; Mohd Pauzi, Nur Irfah; Fattah, Mohammed Y.; Mostafa, Karim Sherif; Sidek, Norbaya; Hafez, Mohamed A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-03

Abstract

The stabilization of soft clay soils using nanomaterials offers a promising alternative to conventional additives such as lime and cement, yet most studies remain deterministic, neglecting soil variability and treatment geometry. This study proposes an experimental–probabilistic framework combining triaxial shear and model footing tests with Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate nano-SiO₂, nano-MgO, and nano-clay. Dosages from 1% to 5% were examined, and 3% was selected as optimal based on strength improvement and economic feasibility. Classical bearing capacity models (Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen) were applied and calibrated using regression factors, with input variability modeled under normal and lognormal distributions. Results indicate that nano-MgO achieved the lowest probability of failure ( < 0.1), nano-SiO₂ showed intermediate but geometry-sensitive performance, and nano-clay provided limited reliability. The calibrated Terzaghi model (R² = 0.742) yielded the most consistent predictions. Enlarged treatment zones improved stress redistribution and reduced failure risk. The study also identifies priorities for future work: durability under cyclic loading, hybrid nanomaterial blends (e.g., SiO₂ + MgO), and scalability for large infrastructure projects. Collectively, the findings establish a reliability-based framework that integrates probabilistic modeling, calibration, and material geometry optimization for resilient geotechnical design.
Statistical (SPSS) Models: Ultimate Uplift Capacity of Horizontal Square Anchor Plate Daibil, Ali R.; Al-Saidi, A’amal A. H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-010

Abstract

This paper examines the relationship between ultimate capacity and vertical displacement for single anchors and line anchor groups (1×2), (1×3), (1×4), and (1×5), in relation to the number of anchors and the embedment depth. Studies addressing statistical analysis in this area are limited; therefore, it was considered appropriate to conduct a statistical investigation to support this field with analytical results and to provide a foundation for future research. The statistical analysis for the single anchor plate indicated that the correlation between ultimate capacity, number of anchors, and embedment depth was strong, with acceptable values of R and R² and a well-fitting mathematical model. In contrast, vertical displacement showed insufficient mathematical representation when analyzed against the number of anchors and embedment depth, as vertical displacement is influenced by additional factors such as loading duration (creep effects), soil unit weight, plate shape and dimensions, internal friction angle, and moisture content, rather than by ultimate capacity alone. When the number of anchor plates in a group exceeds three, the vertical displacement at system failure increases due to the reduced strength of the soil associated with larger anchor groups.
Experimental and Numerical Study on Seismic Performance of Batter Pile Groups in Loose Sand: No subtitle Hussain, Qassim I.; Al-Neami, Mohammed A.; Rahil, Falah H.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-022

Abstract

Pile foundations are critical for maintaining structural integrity under seismic loading, and batter piles, being inclined elements, offer enhanced resistance to combined vertical and lateral forces compared to conventional vertical piles. The objective of this study is to investigate the seismic performance of negative and positive batter pile groups in loose sand. The research employed experimental and numerical approaches: shaking table tests were conducted on 3×3 pile groups embedded in sand with a relative density of 31.2%, subjected to the El Centro and Kobe earthquakes, while finite element modeling was performed to validate the experimental outcomes. The analysis compared the responses of piles with batter angles of -5°, 0°, and +5° in terms of lateral displacement, vertical displacement, and acceleration. Findings revealed that negative battering substantially amplifies pile group displacements, as demonstrated by a 22.085% increase in maximum lateral displacement and a 23.061% rise in vertical displacement for the El Centro motion when the batter angle shifted from 0° to -5°. Conversely, positive battering reduced displacements by up to 4.765%. The novelty of this work lies in experimentally and numerically quantifying the seismic drawbacks of negative battered piles, thereby providing new insights for optimizing pile group design in seismic regions.
Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sinthorn, Poramin; Kosittammakul, Anchalee; Tirapat, Supakorn; Foytong, Piyawat; Intarit, Pong-in; Sapsathiarn, Yasothorn; Kaewjuea, Wichairat; Thongchom, Chanachai; Chindaprasirt, Prinya
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-09

Abstract

The increasing demand for corrosion-resistant reinforcement in concrete structures has highlighted the potential of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars as a sustainable alternative to conventional steel reinforcement. However, the flexural behavior of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams remains insufficiently characterized, particularly through advanced numerical simulation. This study develops and validates a finite element model (FEM) to analyze the flexural performance of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams and to compare it with that of steel-reinforced beams. Eight beam specimens (200 × 300 × 3,100 mm), including six reinforced with BFRP bars and two with steel bars, were modeled under four-point bending using ANSYS software. The FEM predictions were validated against experimental data and benchmarked with the design provisions of ACI 440.1R-15 and CSA S806-12. The model showed strong agreement with experimental results, yielding ultimate load ratios of 0.92–0.94 for steel-reinforced beams and 1.01–1.45 for BFRP-reinforced beams. At higher reinforcement ratios, FEM predictions tended to overestimate the capacity of BFRP-reinforced beams. While steel-reinforced beams exhibited ductile failure, BFRP-reinforced beams failed in a brittle manner. The predicted moment-deflection responses and crack patterns closely matched both experimental observations and code-based predictions. This validated FEM provides a reliable computational framework for assessing and optimizing the design of BFRP-reinforced concrete beams, thereby advancing the application of non-metallic reinforcement in structural engineering. The findings also highlight challenges in accurately modeling concrete crushing and bond behavior within FEM, indicating directions for future refinement.
Performance of Sustainable Underwater Concrete Containing GGBS and Micro Silica with Anti-Washout Amer Salih, Moslih; Kamil Ahmed, Shamil; Salih Mohammed, Ahmed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 12 (2025): December
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-12-018

Abstract

Anti-washout concrete (AWC) is engineered for underwater constructions, with resistance to dispersion achieved through the use of anti-washout admixtures (AWAs). This study experimentally investigated the design of sustainable anti-washout concrete mixtures containing a high content of by-product waste materials. The study aims to evaluate sustainable underwater concrete mixtures with high supplementary cementitious materials content, analyze the influence of AWA on compressive strength, and assess the compatibility of anti-washout admixture with both SCMs and superplasticizers. However, the interaction of AWA with a high content of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and microsilica in underwater concrete has not been previously investigated. Two groups of concrete mixtures were developed: the first group consisted of two sustainable mixtures, with and without AWA, containing 52.15% ordinary Portland cement (OPC), 43.5% GGBS, and 4.35% micro silica. The second group consisted of two conventional mixtures: one with 100% OPC and the other with 100% OPC plus AWA. Fresh properties, such as slump flow, viscosity (measured by the V-funnel), and air content, were evaluated. Compressive strength was measured to assess mechanical performance. Durability was investigated using four tests: rapid chloride penetration tests (RCPT), water penetration, water absorption, and initial surface absorption tests (ISAT). An anti-washout test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of AWC in minimizing the washout of cement particles. The mixture design introduces an innovative approach to utilizing high levels of SCMs for producing high-strength, durable, and sustainable AWC. The durability results showed that the ISAT test was ineffective for evaluating concrete performance underwater. This research contributes to understanding the effects of AWAs and their compatibility with superplasticizers and SCMs. AWA forms a thixotropic gel that protects cement particles from washout and is highly compatible with superplasticizers.
Spatial Variation of Shallow Soil Bearing Capacity Using SPT Data and MATLAB Analysis Al-Mamoori, Sohaib K.; Karkush, Mahdi; Al-Baghdadi, Waseem; Al-Rumaithi, Ayad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-017

Abstract

The current research examines the spatial distribution of shallow bearing capacity in Al-Najaf City through the use of Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data supplemented with advanced computational tools in MATLAB. A high-quality geotechnical survey of 464 boreholes was carried out, with drilling performed at depths ranging from 18 m to 35 m below the current ground surface. To assess the shallow foundations, the top 12 m of the soil profile was analyzed. To measure in-situ soil resistance, SPT measurements were taken at specified depth intervals in every borehole. The raw SPT N-values were adjusted for overburden pressure, an energy-correction parameter, and groundwater effects; other minor adjustments were considered negligible based on their minimal impact on the final dataset. These corrected N-values formed the basis for calculating both ultimate and allowable bearing capacities using empirically developed correlations. MATLAB surface-interpolation procedures were used to generate georeferenced thematic maps that depict the lateral variation of bearing capacity within the 0–12 m depth interval. The resulting spatial analysis shows a significant increase in the bearing capacity of the northern and western regions of Al-Najaf, correlating with increases in urbanization and infrastructure density. The predictive geotechnical maps developed in this study can be considered a highly robust, cost-effective, and timely tool for initial subsurface engineering surveys to guide sustainable city development, infrastructure design, and optimization of foundation engineering.
Predicting Speeding Behavior of Long-Haul Freight Truck Drivers Using Machine Learning Models Hakzah, Hakzah; Damayanti, Andi; Misbahuddin; Rahman, Abdul
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 11 No. 11 (2025): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-11-015

Abstract

The behavior of long-haul truck drivers is shaped by the weak enforcement of working-hour rules, tight deadlines, and heavy workloads. Over-dimensioning and overloading practices further increase risks by forcing drivers to handle excessive loads and work for prolonged periods. This study predicts speeding behavior among long-haul freight truck drivers using statistical and machine learning models. Data was collected from 370 respondents at two weigh stations in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, covering eight socio-demographic, economic, and operational predictors. Three models were tested: Binary Logistic Regression (BLR), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The dataset was balanced and split into 70% training and 30% testing, with performance assessed using accuracy, recall, F1-score, and AUROC. XGBoost delivered the best results, achieving 97.3% accuracy, 93.2% recall, a 96.4% F1-score, and a perfect AUROC of 1.000. RF also showed strong performance with 94.05% accuracy and an AUROC of 0.973, while BLR served as a relevant baseline despite weaker predictions. Key predictors of speeding violations were daily sleep duration, monthly income, and driving experience. This study demonstrates how machine learning can be effectively integrated alongside transportation data under imbalanced conditions, providing evidence-based insights to strengthen freight transport safety.

Page 183 of 185 | Total Record : 1848

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