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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,897 Documents
 186   187   188   189   190 
Effect of Dike Width on Pore Pressure and Water Content Evolution During Overtopping Conditions Hassan, Marwan A.; Shaalan, Heyam H.; Al-Deewan, Hayder A. O.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-016

Abstract

The failure of dike embankments due to overtopping flow plays a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms behind dike erosion, which is essential for effective disaster mitigation. The "SLIDE" program was used to analyze the transient response of pore water pressure (PWP) and volumetric water content (VWC) within a homogeneous coarse sand bed. The authors have previously examined the use of seepage-control elements in 3D simulations of embankment breach failures due to overtopping, conducted in laboratory flumes at the University of Science of Malaysia. In this study, pore water pressure (PWP) and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured at various points beneath the crest and along both the upstream and downstream slopes for three different dike crest widths: 7 cm, 12 cm, and 18 cm. This paper also presents a factor of safety (FOS) analysis across the unsaturated–saturated zones within the dike embankment during the events of overtopping moments until full saturation of the downstream slope. The results indicate that increases in both PWP and VWC occurred across all test groups along the slopes. Narrower crest widths led to higher pore water pressure at the onset of overtopping, while wider crest widths resulted in increased pore pressure toward the end of the erosion process. A reduction in the factor of safety was observed along the crest and downstream slope. However, in dikes with wider crest widths, the length of the embankment decreased due to prolonged flow discharge through the downstream toe and remnants of the upstream slope. The transient flow and slope stability results provide new insights into the coupled hydromechanical behavior of dike soil during overtopping events.
An Automated Framework for Benthic Habitat Classification and Segmentation Based on Deep Learning Algorithms Mohamed, Hassan; Nadaoka , Kazuo
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-022

Abstract

Although benthic habitats represent some of the largest, most diverse, and productive ecosystems on Earth with great environmental, and economical value, they are increasingly threatened and declining in many locations worldwide. Every year, numerous underwater images are collected for monitoring these habitats. Still, the manual labelling process remains tedious and time-consuming, creating a huge gap between data collection and extraction of meaningful information. In this study, an automated framework is proposed for single-label classification and semantic segmentation of benthic habitats using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The framework integrates and evaluates various pre-trained CNNs, bagging of features (BOF), color spaces, and texture descriptors for benthic habitat classification. Furthermore, the classified images served as training and validation samples to assess the semantic segmentation performance of pre-trained CNNs with different architectures (e.g., ResNet-50, AlexNet, Xception, etc.). Both high- and low-quality underwater images of benthic habitats collected from six diverse study areas located off Australia and Japan were used to evaluate the proposed framework. The analysis revealed that the ResNet-50 FC1000 combined with BOF, color space, and texture attributes yielded the highest automatic classification accuracy. Moreover, the ResNet-50 network outperformed all the tested networks for automatic semantic segmentation of benthic habitats. Overall, the presented framework enhanced the automation of benthic habitat classification and semantic segmentation processes.
Stakeholder-Based Risk Analysis in Post-Disaster Housing Projects: Toward Improved Risk Management Practices Malahayati, Nurul; Munirwansyah; Syamsidik
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-07

Abstract

Reconstructing housing after a disaster is a demanding and intricate process, particularly when managing risks that affect project delivery timelines. The community-based approach, widely adopted in Indonesia, seeks to foster local participation but is often hindered by implementation challenges. This study aims to identify and analyse the critical risks contributing to delays in community-driven housing reconstruction projects in Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh, Indonesia, as perceived by stakeholders. Research variables were developed sequentially through a literature review, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and questionnaires. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining thematic analysis with descriptive statistics and indices, such as the frequency index (FI), severity index (SI), and risk importance index (RII). Seventy-one risk variables were identified, including 17 newly documented risks not previously addressed in the literature. Three variables were found to be particularly significant: shortage of facilitators, limited labour availability, and insufficient community construction skills. The findings contribute theoretically by broadening the understanding of operational risks during the construction phase and offer practical guidance for policymakers in developing more effective mitigation strategies, with implications for other developing nations utilising community-based reconstruction.
Ensemble and Hybrid Machine Learning Models for Seasonal Water Consumption Forecasting Under Climate Variability Rajballie, Aruna; Tripathi, Vrijesh; Tyagi, Shikhar; Chinchamee, Amarnath
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-019

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to improve the forecasting of monthly water consumption under climate variability by combining ensemble and hybrid modelling with a season-aware design. Monthly consumption and meteorological data from 2003 to 2024 were utilized in this study. Four models were evaluated: (i) a stacking ensemble with STL-trend plus residual learning; (ii) a hybrid machine-learning–physics model with differentially-evolved weights; and (iii–iv) season-specific stacked models for wet and dry periods. Robustness was assessed with time-aware validation and residual diagnostics (Shapiro–Wilk, Breusch–Pagan, Durbin–Watson, Ljung–Box). The findings indicate that across models, ensembles captured nonlinear climate–demand variations while maintaining linear structure. The ensemble and hybrid model achieved strong accuracy with low errors while the season-specific models attained high fit (wet R²≈0.998; dry R²≈0.991) with stable residual behavior. Sensitivity to temperature and humidity aligns with expected physical behavior. Precipitation shows a diminishing-returns effect on water use, where moderate rainfall leads to higher consumption, while heavy rainfall tends to reduce demand. The framework innovatively combines decomposition-assisted stacking, physics-informed hybridization, and seasonal ensemble modelling. Overall, the approach provides highly accurate, interpretable, and climate-aware water demand forecasts for tropical regions, offering a practical basis for utility-scale implementation.
A Wastewater Strength Indicator for Estimating the Energy Performance and Recovery Potential in WWTPs Borisov, Boyan; Ribarova, Irina; Valchev, Dobril; Radovanov, Viden; Lazarova, Svetlana; Kostova, Irina
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-06

Abstract

This study aims to propose a practical indicator that enables quick and reliable evaluation of the relationship between influent characteristics and energy performance and recovery in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A composite Wastewater Strength Indicator (WWSI) was developed, integrating wastewater dilution and pollutant load into a single metric. Theoretical correlations were established through mathematical estimation and verified using case studies of six WWTPs in Bulgaria based on operational data from 2020–2022. WWSI correlates strongly with both specific energy consumption (kWh/kg COD removed) and electrical energy recovery rate. WWTPs with a WWSI below 0.25 perform unsatisfactory, exhibiting specific energy consumption levels above 2.0 kWh/kg removed COD, whereas those with a WWSI above 0.35 demonstrate higher energy efficiency, with specific consumption below 1.0 kWh/kg removed COD. The treatment of low-strength wastewater leads to inherent energy inefficiencies that are difficult to overcome through sludge digestion and cogeneration alone. Despite sludge calorific values ranging from 11.5 to 19.4 MJ/kg, the energy recovery potential in the studied WWTPs remained below 35%, confirming that energy neutrality is challenging for diluted wastewater. A conversion coefficient of 0.039 kWh/MJ was introduced to facilitate rapid estimation of potential electrical recovery from sludge calorific values. The proposed WWSI provides a simple yet effective tool for benchmarking WWTPs and supports future upgrades toward energy-neutral wastewater management.
Scour Morphology Comparison Around Oblong Bridge Pier: Clear-Water and Live-Bed Flow Conditions Darajat, Achmad Rafi’ud; Kironoto, Bambang A.; Istiarto
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-023

Abstract

Bridge pier scour is a significant contributor to structural instability in riverine infrastructure, particularly in sediment-laden tropical rivers. Streamlined shapes such as oblong piers generally produce smaller scour depths than bluff-body piers, offering potential safety advantages. However, the morphological evolution of scour under different sediment-transport regimes and its implications for structural stability remain insufficiently documented. This study experimentally compares clear-water (CW) and live-bed (LB) scour around an oblong pier, with emphasis on equilibrium depth, temporal development, three-dimensional morphology, velocity structure, and safety relevance. Flume tests were performed using a 5-cm × 10-cm oblong pier under steady subcritical flow (Q = 50 L/s, h = 10 cm, d50 = 2.21 mm, Fr < 1), with CW simulated by eliminating upstream sediment supply and LB by continuous sediment recirculation. Velocity measurements using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) were conducted at equilibrium scour geometry to characterize flow structures. Results show CW scour reached a deeper equilibrium (z/D = 1.70), developed 36.4% faster (T* = 666 min) than LB (z/D = 1.52, T* = 909 min). CW formed a symmetric, steep-walled scour hole with 14.1% greater volume and 15.6% wider planform area, creating an immediate risk of vertical undermining. LB produced a shallower, more elongated scour with partial downstream backfilling, leading to gradual longitudinal undermining and slower foundation settlement. Velocity measurements revealed stronger vertical and lateral fluctuations under LB, explaining its more irregular scour morphology. Although the reduced scour depth confirms previous findings for streamlined piers, the elongated downstream scour and partial backfilling under LB provide new insights for countermeasure design. Among the tested predictors, Sheppard's Equation performed best with 8% (CW) and 3% (LB) deviations. These findings confirm that streamlined oblong piers reduce the maximum scour depth compared with circular shapes, but reveal contrasting mechanisms: CW promotes rapid, concentrated erosion, whereas LB induces slower, more widespread scour. The results emphasize that countermeasure design must explicitly account for the sediment-transport regime to ensure long-term foundation stability.
Comprehensive Characterization of Fly Ash as a Sustainable Supplementary Cementitious Material Syahyadi, Rizal; Saidi, Taufiq; Hasan, Muttaqin; Akhyar; Fauzi, Amir; Rachman, Aulia
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-015

Abstract

Sustainable development seeks to meet present needs without harming future generations. Rising energy demand from coal-fired power plants increases CO₂ emissions and produces fly ash (FA). The cement industry, responsible for about 7% of global CO₂ emissions, also consumes large amounts of energy. Incorporating FA as a partial or complete substitute for cement in concrete provided both environmental and performance advantages. Hence, this study focused on exploring the potential of FA from Nagan Raya (FANR) as a cementitious material for cement replacement. FANR was analyzed using XRF, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDS. It mainly contained SiO₂ (48.04%), Al₂O₃ (27.62%), and Fe₂O₃ (11.78%), meeting ASTM Class F fly ash standards. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of amorphous phases along with quartz and mullite crystals. FTIR showed silicate hydration products (C–S–H and C–A–H gels) at different water–cement ratios. SEM showed spherical particles with rough surfaces, which enhance reactivity but also increase water absorption and reduce workability. EDS confirmed silicate and aluminosilicate compositions. These results highlight FANR’s potential as a sustainable cement replacement, despite workability issues.
Six Sigma Based Management Approach to Minimize Material Losses in Building Construction Chancasanampa Narvaez, Kevyn Wyll; Cueva Villaverde, Jhon Brayam; Delzo Chihuan , Elizabeth; Arteaga Rojas, Jhonatan Seeler A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-017

Abstract

This study aims to reduce material variability, minimize losses, and improve construction performance in multifamily building projects by applying the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology in a Peruvian regional context. The research was conducted in Huancayo using a multifamily structure as a reference to compare theoretical material consumption with actual quantities registered on site. The methodological approach combined statistical analysis with Minitab, logistics modelling with Arena Simulation, data processing through Excel and Power Query, and real-time monitoring using Google Colab connected to Telegram. The analysis identified overconsumption patterns between six and nine percent in concrete, steel, and bricks, which contributed to an estimated delay of about thirty days. After implementing the DMAIC stages, cost deviations were reduced to ten percent or less, schedule performance improved by twelve percent, and operational efficiency reached ninety percent, with ninety-five percent of deliveries made on time. The study introduces a hybrid digital control framework that links Telegram with Google Colab and Power BI, allowing real-time tracking of key performance indicators in projects with limited budgets and low technology adoption. The findings provide one of the first documented applications of Six Sigma for material control in regional Peruvian construction and contribute to the adaptation of Lean Six Sigma principles to the Latin American context by offering practical, field-based evidence of their effectiveness.
Contribution of Acacia mangium Root Systems to Slope Stability Improvement Maneekeaw, Siriphat; Voottipruex, Panich; Kongsomsaksakul, Sirisak; Sramoon, Wilailak; Mahannopkul, Krairoj
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-010

Abstract

This study explores the bioengineering potential of Acacia mangium root systems in enhancing the shear strength of lateritic soil under both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Seedlings were cultivated in cylindrical containers for 12 months to monitor root growth and investigate its relationship with key geotechnical parameters. Root development was classified into three distinct phases: root acceleration (months 1–3), stem acceleration (months 4–8), and growth phase (months 9–12). A significant dry root biomass increase was observed, exhibiting a strong linear correlation with peak shear strength. Laboratory shear tests indicated that unreinforced soil in saturated conditions had a cohesion of 1.90 kPa and an internal friction angle of 27.64°. In contrast, cohesion increased to 3.55 kPa in unsaturated conditions and the internal friction angle to 38.94°. In comparison, root-reinforced soils demonstrated substantially improved shear strength. Under unsaturated conditions, cohesion and internal friction angle reached 9.92 kPa and 41.58°, respectively, while in saturated conditions, values increased to 6.12 kPa and 31.29°. Slope stability analysis using Slope/W software revealed that the unreinforced slope had a Factor of Safety (FS) of 1.043, indicating marginal stability. However, with A. mangium root reinforcement, the FS increased to 1.518, exceeding the commonly accepted safety threshold of 1.5. These results highlight the effectiveness of A. mangium root systems in improving slope stability through mechanical reinforcement, increased soil cohesion, and redistribution of shear stresses within the soil matrix.
Effect of Silica Modulus on Concrete Maturity at Different Curing Temperatures Ibrahim, Eman Kh.; Ahmed, Sofyan Y.; Salih, Oday Asal
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 2 (2026): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-02-020

Abstract

The variation in early-age strength development of concrete mixes containing locally produced OPC, cured at different temperatures throughout the seasons, has motivated many researchers to investigate this issue. This study analyzed how differences in the constituents of locally sourced OPC, particularly the silica modulus, affect strength development and its impact on concrete maturity at various temperatures. Concrete maturity was calculated using strength development over time to determine an equivalent age required to achieve a specific strength at a standard temperature. The equivalent age is a vital factor for determining the appropriate time to remove formwork at construction sites or to open roads to traffic. The study experimentally evaluated three different proportions of OPC constituents, producing three silica modulus (S.M.) values of 2.4, 2.7, and 3.0. It compared the effect of S.M. variation for two cement contents by assessing two groups of concrete with compressive strengths of 20 N/mm² and 35 N/mm², cured at temperatures of 7, 20, and 35 °C. The results revealed that strength increased with increasing curing temperature at all ages, while the rate of strength development decreased as S.M. increased for both strength levels. In contrast, the activation energy of concrete increased with increasing S.M., with the greatest increase observed in concrete with the higher cement content (35 N/mm²). The maturity function results, expressed in terms of equivalent age for concrete cured at non-standard temperatures (7 and 35 °C), showed that equivalent age was influenced by variations in the OPC S.M., with the effect being more pronounced at S.M. = 2.4 compared with S.M. values of 2.7 and 3.0.

Page 189 of 190 | Total Record : 1897

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