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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,947 Documents
 191   192   193   194   195 
Study the Behavior of Asphalt Cement Modified by Different Types of Nanocarbons Sheelan A. Ahmed; Hirsh M. Majid
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-07

Abstract

Nanocarbon application as an asphalt cement modifier has revealed improved and satisfactory results in the rheological properties of modified asphalt cement. All previous studies examined the effect of one or more nanocarbons, regardless of the effect of nanosized and nanoparticle shapes on these results. Therefore, this study is meant to contribute to knowledge on the novelty of the effect of nanocarbon particle shapes for the modification of asphalt cement. For this purpose, three distinct nanocarbon forms—nano graphite (NGR) powder, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and nano carbon black powder (NCB)—are employed to modify asphalt cement, while restricting their nano dimension to small ranges (20–40 nm), and added with various dosage percentages (1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6% by weight of the binder). They were evaluated utilizing Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), rotational viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The results showed that the performance of asphalt cement was enhanced by all varieties of nanocarbons employed in this investigation, and increasing the percentage of nanocarbons utilized to modify the asphalt also had a favorable effect. However, when comparing the performance of utilizing these different types of nanocarbons, MWCNTs performed best in terms of dispersion within the asphalt matrix, decreasing asphalt oxidation, reducing sensitivity to temperature changes, improving rheological properties, and increasing resistance to permanent deformation.
Influence of Rock Bolt Support Parameters on Geomechanical Stability and Methane Emission in Longwall Mine Workings R. Kamarov; Zh. Assanova; Sh. Zeitinova; Zh. Azimbayeva; J. Bogzhanova
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-013

Abstract

Under the conditions of the transition of the mines of the Karaganda Coal Basin to a high-productivity “mine–longwall” operating model, there is an increasing need to implement rational technologies for the development of mine workings that ensure higher drivage rates, reduced gas emission, and improved geomechanical stability of the rock mass. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of anchor support on the geomechanical and gas-dynamic state of the rock mass adjacent to the longwall mining area through a combination of field investigations and numerical flow modeling (ANSYS CFX), and to analyze the resulting properties of the side rocks and the stability of anchored mine workings. The research methodology included in situ observations under underground mining conditions, instrumental monitoring of roof displacement and rock stratification using KDM-1 and KDM-2 deformation control devices, analysis of outburst hazard indicators of the coal seam, and numerical simulation of methane distribution in mine workings using the Ansys CFX software package. The studies were carried out in development workings of the Kuzembayev Mine and the Saranskaya Mine at depths of 438–577 m. The results show that reducing the spacing between rock bolt rows to 0.5 m and increasing the bolt length to 2.4 m provides a reduction in vertical roof displacements to 5–30 mm and decreases absolute methane emission by 23%. The use of yielding rock bolt–frame support contributes to a reduction in the stress state of the rock mass, limits roof stratification, and eliminates manifestations of outburst hazard. The scientific novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between rock bolt support parameters, the geomechanical condition of the rock mass, and gas emission, as well as in substantiating the effectiveness of yielding rock bolting systems in zones influenced by longwall mining under complex geological and mining conditions.
Evaluating Signal Processing Methods for Instantaneous Frequency Analysis in Time-Varying Mass Structures Chinnapat Buachart; Chayanon Hansapinyo; Teewara Suwan; Vanissorn Vimonsatit; Phung Tu; Worathep Sae-Long; Suchart Limkatanyu; Panatchai Chetchotisak
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-05

Abstract

Time-varying mass (TVM) structures exhibit complex dynamic phenomena but remain insufficiently investigated, particularly in the frequency domain. For example, granular discharge in silos generates vibrations due to rapid mass reduction, leading to nonlinear and non-stationary responses. This study aims to evaluate the capability of three common signal processing algorithms-Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), and Empirical Wavelet Transform (EWT)-for analysing instantaneous frequency variations in TVM structures. The signals are first decomposed into mono-component modes and subsequently analyzed using the Hilbert transform to extract instantaneous frequency. The investigation is conducted in two stages: (i) numerical validation using an artificial nonlinear signal and a time-varying parameter SDOF system with known frequency histories, and (ii) application to experimental acceleration data obtained from sand discharge in a polycarbonate silo under noisy conditions. The findings show that EMD provides the most accurate frequency estimation for clean signals, whereas VMD and EWT demonstrate improved stability for experimental data with significant noise. The study provides a systematic comparison of decomposition-based instantaneous frequency methods in TVM structures and highlights the importance of appropriate method selection for safer and more reliable frequency-domain structural design.
Influence of Micro Silica and Portland Cement on Geopolymer Concrete Containing Recycled Asphaltic Concrete Aggregate Athika Wongkvanklom; Patcharapol Posi; Puridet Kotaniwong; Phatsarapha Chakamnan; Piyawat Foytong; Sumrerng Rukzon; Prinya Chindaprasirt
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-014

Abstract

In this paper, the influence of micro silica (MS) and Portland cement (PC) on geopolymer concrete containing recycled asphaltic concrete aggregate was examined. The basic mix consisted of high-calcium fly ash (HFA), river sand, crushed limestone, recycled asphaltic concrete aggregate (RACCA), sodium silicate, and sodium hydroxide. Coarse aggregate was replaced with RACCA at 0, 20, and 40% by weight. MS and PC were used as hybrid additives to partially replace HFA. The tested MS-to-PC ratios were 0:10, 2.5:7.5, 5:5, and 10:0 by weight. Values were obtained for slump flow of 69-76 cm, 28 day compressive strength of 22.3-63.9 MPa, flexural strength of 2.20-4.70 MPa, shear bond strength of 6.45-19.90 MPa, and bond strength between geopolymer concrete and rebar of 4.95-7.30 MPa. The mix with 20% RACCA and an MS-to-PC ratio of 2.5:7.5 hybrid additive produced the best performance with values for compressive strength of 57.4 MPa, flexural strength of 4.30 MPa, slant shear bond strength of 16.69 MPa, and bond strength to rebar of 6.78 MPa. Thus, based on the results, RACCA could be used to make high-strength concrete according to the ACI 363.2R-11 standard, using MS and PC as enhancing materials.
Mineralogical, Chemical, and Geotechnical Characterization of Natural Clay for Ceramic Applications Abbou Mohammed; Boumelik Zoheir; Semcha Abdelaziz
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-012

Abstract

In the framework, the sustainable local development of the Adrar region is one of the largest in the Algerian Sahara. The Algerian government has launched a search for useful local substances to cover the need for building materials in the construction sector. However, the Algerian Sahara has a variety of mineral resources, including clays. This work aims to characterize and identify a natural Algerian clay from the Reggane basin (Paleozoic sedimentary basin) in southwestern Algeria. This is for use in the manufacture of ceramic products. For this, numerous analyses were carried out using techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the different crystalline mineral phases, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) to identify the elemental composition, and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the molecular structure along with the geotechnical identification in order to better understand the main properties of this clay. The findings indicated that Reggane clay is silty and highly plastic (21.94-31.7). It contains a mixture of illite, kaolinite, and quartz, in very significant proportions, as well as hematite, orthoclase, and palygorskite. Furthermore, elemental chemical analyses were conducted, and the results showed that the main constituents of this clay are SiO₂ (58.19%-61.71%), Al₂O₃ (13.32%-13.50%), and Fe₂O₃ (6.13%-6.40%). These findings could eventually be used to target applications of this clay in the production of local fired materials.
Adaptive Real-Time Strain-Rate Control in CRS Consolidation Testing Using SARSA Reinforcement Learning Muhammad Fadhl 'Abbas; Hasbullah Nawir; Dimitri Mahayana; Erza Rismantojo; Dayu Apoji; M. Alifsyah Putra Nasution; Targhib Ibrahim
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-023

Abstract

This study presents a reinforcement-learning framework for real-time strain-rate control in Constant Rate of Strain (CRS) consolidation testing to hasten the testing process using the SARSA algorithm. The controller adaptively adjusts deformation rate based on evolving pore-pressure ratio, with a reward strategy designed to maintain an average pore-pressure ratio near 30% to ensure partially drained conditions consistent with CRS theory. Two normally consolidated clays with contrasting compressibility were modeled numerically using a 1-D CRS consolidation model to evaluate learning and testing performance. The results show that the SARSA agent autonomously learns soil-specific strain-rate policies and maintains smooth effective stress trajectories and stable pore-pressure ratio responses. Test duration reductions of 60-75% were achieved depending on soil type. The interpreted compression index (Cc) remains consistent with the baseline CRS values, confirming that reinforcement-learning-based strain-rate control can accelerate testing without compromising data integrity. The study demonstrates the feasibility of reinforcement learning for CRS testing and highlights practical potential for soil-responsive, adaptive strain-rate control. Current limitations include simulation-based evaluation, discretized action selection, and the need for multiple runs to achieve optimal convergence.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Geopolymerized LECA Concrete Hebah M. Al-Jabali; Abd Al-Kader A. Al Sayed; Mohamed Fahmy; Amr A. Nada; Amr Abdelkhalik
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-021

Abstract

This study aims to enhance the mechanical and thermal performance of lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) concrete through geopolymerization using iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400), combined with surface treatment of LECA aggregates. An experimental program was conducted to evaluate workability, density, water absorption, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and bulk electrical resistivity (BER). Various mixtures with different proportions of Fe₂O₃ and PEG400 were prepared with and without aggregate surface treatment. The findings indicate that surface treatment significantly improves the interfacial transition zone, resulting in enhanced overall performance. The optimal mix (treated LECA with 3% PEG400 and 20% Fe₂O₃) achieved a compressive strength of 45 MPa and a splitting tensile strength of 4.0 MPa, representing increases of over 70% compared to the control mix. Additionally, water absorption decreased by 35.6%, while BER increased by 127%, reflecting improved durability and reduced permeability. Workability was also enhanced, with up to a 100% increase in slump without compromising strength. The novelty of this study lies in the synergistic integration of treated LECA, PEG400, and iron oxide within a geopolymer matrix to produce a high-performance, durable, and thermally efficient lightweight concrete. This approach offers a sustainable solution for advanced construction applications.
Energy-Based Evaluation of Brittleness in Moderately Weathered Rocks Under Triaxial Compression Lianghong Lv; Enze Yin; Xiaoyu Liu; Ke Wu
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-08

Abstract

Moderately weathered rock masses are widely encountered in deep and long tunnels, where excavation-induced unloading–reloading and stress concentration strongly affect failure behavior, stability, and support design. To clarify their brittleness from an energy perspective, this study develops a unified three-dimensional numerical framework for the triaxial compression analysis of five typical moderately weathered rocks, namely granite, basalt, limestone, shale, and sandstone, with the Jinmen Tunnel of the Longchuan–Huaiji Expressway as the engineering background. A coupled damage–plasticity constitutive model is adopted, and its parameters are calibrated using laboratory triaxial test data. Model reliability is verified by the close agreement between simulated and measured stress–strain curves and failure patterns of moderately weathered granite. The external work is decomposed into total, elastic, and dissipated energy densities, and a normalized dissipated energy is introduced to describe damage evolution. Results show that the energy evolution is strongly lithology-dependent: granite and shale exhibit a clear transition to post-peak dissipation-dominated behavior, whereas basalt, limestone, and sandstone remain mainly controlled by elastic energy. Increasing confining pressure from 5 to 10 MPa expands the dissipation zone and reduces the energy-density brittleness index BED, indicating a ductilizing effect. The novelty lies in the unified energy-based framework, the normalized dissipated energy, and the newly proposed BED for brittleness evaluation.
Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Passively Confined Cementitious Treated Sand Laras Laila Lestari; Bambang Piscesa; Priyo Suprobo; Yudhi Lastiasih
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-03

Abstract

This study aims to develop a practical and accessible approach for evaluating the mechanical behavior of Cementitious Treated Sand (CTS) under passive confinement using Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) wraps. A method utilizing three GFRP layer configurations was applied to investigate the confinement effect and assess the role of confining stiffness. Path-dependency was analyzed through derived confining pressure rates, and Mohr-Coulomb failure analysis was used to determine shear-strength parameters. Analysis of plastic volumetric behavior revealed that after an initial elastic state, the material dilates upon yielding—activating the confinement mechanism—before recompacting under sufficient confining pressure due to pore structure collapse. Results indicate that the proposed novel constitutive model successfully predicts both axial and lateral stress-strain responses. It accurately represents the nonlinear stress-strain relationship, the transition in volumetric behavior, and the interaction between axial and lateral strains through the proposed dilation formulation. The model incorporates a plastic dilation rate model to capture the dilation-to-compaction transition and demonstrates excellent agreement with experimental results across all confinement levels. This framework provides a reliable analytical tool for designing soil stabilization schemes using passive confinement, offering engineers a practical alternative to conventional geotechnical analysis while enhancing reproducibility, sustainability, and applicability across diverse construction projects.
Bridge Maintenance Prioritization and Condition Rating Based on Fermatean Fuzzy AHP Approach Salsabeel Sahib Jafar; Sawsan Rasheed Mohammed
Civil Engineering Journal Vol. 12 No. 4 (2026): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2026-012-04-011

Abstract

Bridges are considered critical components of transportation infrastructure and play an integral role in public welfare and economic development. Bridge authorities in Iraq face multiple challenges in maintaining the efficiency and serviceability of the bridge network while developing a maintenance plan within limited budgets. Thus, this study aims to develop a systematic condition assessment methodology as a tool to prioritize maintenance projects and optimize available budgets to enhance the management of bridge networks. For this purpose, the bridge structure is broken down into four components: deck, superstructure, substructure, and accessories, and each component is divided into a number of elements. Bridge maintenance experts were surveyed to assign weights for the identified components and elements using the Fermatean fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FF-AHP). The weighted averaging approach was then used to aggregate components' condition ratings with expert-determined weights to obtain the overall Bridge Condition Index (BCI) of each bridge. Bridges with the lowest BCI get higher priority for maintenance. The proposed methodology was applied to thirteen bridges in Baghdad to demonstrate its practicality. The results indicate its reliability and capability to evaluate and rank bridges based on their urgency for maintenance. The proposed method would help bridge engineers and policymakers to make informed maintenance investment decisions during the budget allocation process.

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