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Civil Engineering Journal

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Published by C.E.J Publishing Group

ISSN : 24763055 EISSN : 24763055 DOI : -

Core Subject : Engineering,

Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture

Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.

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Articles 1,848 Documents

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Integrating System Dynamics and Remote Sensing to Estimate Future Water Usage and Average Surface Runoff in Lagos, Nigeria Gilles A Kandissounon; Ajay Kalra; Sajjad Ahmad
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 2 (2018): February
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The goal of this study was twofold; first analyze the patterns of water consumption in Lagos, Nigeria and use them in a System Dynamics (SD) model to make projections about future demand. The second part used remote sensing to quantify the contribution of extensive land use/cover change to urban flooding. Land use/cover dynamics over the past decade was analyzed using satellite imagery provided by Landsat Thematic Mapping (TM). Unsupervised classification was performed with false color composite using the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) technique in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study area was divided into four different land use types during image classification: bare land, built-up area, water bodies, and vegetation. For water demand, two different scenarios of population growth including 5.5% and 2.75 % annual increase were considered. The results showed that water demand dropped by 67% of its current value when losses in distribution were reduced by 20% and population annual growth rate kept at 2.75% over the study period. Bare land and water bodies lost 1.31% and 1.61% of their current area respectively while built-up area grew by 1.11%. These changes in land use/cover changes led to a 64% increase in average surface runoff, mostly attributable to increasing surface imperviousness and the absence of an adequate urban drainage system.

Fuzzy and Classical MCDM Techniques to Rank the Slope Stabilization Methods in a Rock-Fill Reservoir Dam Sina Shafiee Haghshenas; Reza Mikaeil; Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas; Masoud Zare Naghadehi; Pedram Sirati Moghadam
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 3, No 6 (2017): June
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Slope stabilization is one of the most crucial tasks in rock-fill reservoir dam projects to prevention of erosion and destruction of upstream and downstream slopes. Inappropriate choice and design of the protection can cause irreparable damages imposing additional costs and time to the project. In this paper, the body slope ranking is conducted by using the classical and fuzzy multi-criteria decision making approaches specifically VIKOR and Fuzzy-TOPSIS methods. To this aim, eight important and effective criteria were considered to select the most appropriate cover among five most common ones for protecting and conserving body slope of the rock-fill dams. The study was conducted on a dam in Bijar city located in the province of Guilan, the north of Iran. According to results of a comparative analysis using fuzzy and classical MCDM techniques, the concrete facing cover and the soil-cement cover have placed at the highest and lowest ranks to protect the body of the dam, respectively, suggested by both employed methods.

Numerical Study of the Flow Fields in Downburst with Consideration of the Rough Condition on the Ground Xiaoyu Luo; Chong Zhang; Shishu Xiong; Zhenqing Liu
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The downburst is an extreme weather condition whose resulting load will affect the stability of the building structures. The characteristic of downbursts is required during the design of buildings. In order to achieve the characteristics of the downbursts, large eddy simulation (LES) is adopted. The method impinging jet is used to reproduce the downbursts, meanwhile smooth and rough ground conditions are examined. The setting of the rough layer of the ground is done by using the immersion boundary method (IBM). After the simulation, the wind field is decomposed into the mean component and the turbulence component. In this paper, the radial wind speed profile and the wind speed time diagram of the simulation experiment are compared with the previous measured data and the simulation results. This paper reveals that the radial wind speed is the key part of the downburst wind speed, and it rapidly increases with height. It is also found that the rough ground will cause the peak radial velocity to move up, which is consistent with the change of the main annular vorticity in vortex cloud image analysis. Finally, the turbulence intensity is found to be relatively small at the position where the radial wind speed is relatively large.

Design, Operation and Construction of a Large Rainfall Simulator for the Field Study on Acidic Barren Slope MD Isa, Siti Fazlina; Azhar, A T S; Aziman, M
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The utilization of rainfall simulators has turned out to be more far reaching with the automated instrumentation and control systems. This paper portrays a rainfall simulator designed for analysis of erosion on steep (2.5H: 1V). A rainfall simulator designed to perform experiments in slope is introduced. The large scale of the apparatus allows the researcher to work in remote areas and on steep slopes. This simulator was designed to be effortlessly set up and kept up as well as able and additionally ready to create a variety of rainfall regimes. The nozzle performance tests and lateral spacing tests were performed at Research Center for Soft Soil (RECESS), which is another Research and Development (R and D) activity by Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. This test system is the standard for research involving simulated rainfall. The rainfall simulator is a pressurized nozzle type simulator. It discharges uniform rainfall on a square plot 6 m wide by 6 m (19.685 ft) long. The fundamental parts of a sprinkler rainfall simulator are a nozzle, a structure in which installs the nozzle, and the connections with the water supply and the pumping system. The structure of the test system was manufactured created with four fixed hollow rectangular galvanised on which a header with 25 nozzles attached to it. The nozzles are spaced 1 m apart. Flow meters control the inflow of water from the storage tank, ensuring each nozzle has a similar release rate, regardless of the introduction of the test system. The tank that was utilized has the 200 gallons of water which is 757.08 Lit and the full with water in tank can run the artificial rainfall simulation roughly around 50 to 60 minutes. The support system is collapsible, easy to set up and maintain. The subsequent test system is conservative (under RM9,000 to build), made with industrially accessible parts, simple to set-up and maintain and highly accurate.

Contributing Cost Variation Factors in Highway Projects Samiullah Sohu; Abd Halid Abdullah; Sasitharan Nagapan; Ashfaque Ahmed Jhatial; Muhammed Tahir
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Cost overrun is known as when the final cost of any project surpasses the sectioned cost of the project at the floating of tender. Cost overrun or cost variation overrun is the main problem in the construction of highway projects in Sindh Province of Pakistan. To attain the main objective of the research a literature review was conducted and 64 general factors of cost overrun were found in construction industry. A questionnaire was developed and distributed among 28 well experienced experts having maximum experience in construction of building projects. Gathered data was analyzed by method of average index. Results shows that main and causative factors of cost variation were financial and cash issues faced by owner, slow information between parties, change in price of material, delay of design, poor site management, payment and financial issues problem faced by the contractor and delay in decision making. This research can help petitioners of highway projects to overcome these main and causative factors of cost.

Removal of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons from Gas Oil Contaminated Clay Soil via Soil Vapor Extraction Hossein Nematollahi; Nasim Moradi; Morteza RiyaziNejad; Hossein Vahidi
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In this research, the performance of soil vapor extraction (SVE) for the removal of aliphatic hydrocarbons from gas oil contaminated soil and the effect of soil type on this method is studied. To explore the effect of soil type in the removal of hydrocarbons, SVE tests were conducted on 3 types of soil: 1) fine sand, 2) fine sand with 20% of kaolinite clay and 3) fine sand with 40% of kaolinite clay. Three extraction periods of 8, 16 and 24 hours were used. The results have shown that the efficiency of this method exceeds 78% in the removal of all hydrocarbons from fine sand, while an increase in clay significantly decreases the efficiency. Accordingly, the efficiency of this method decreases by 53.1% and 54.6% in fine sand with 20% of clay and fine sand with 40% of clay respectively. Furthermore, the results show that the higher concentration of some heavy and medium hydrocarbon leads to the more increase in early hours of SVE process, which indicates the alteration of hydrocarbons into each other.

Comparative Study of Pure Mg and AZ91D as Sacrificial Anodes for Reinforced Cement Concrete Structures in Chloride Atmosphere Yogesh Iyer Murthy; Sumit Gandhi; Abhishek Kumar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Comparative study of the corrosion behavior of pure Magnesium and AZ91D anodes in reinforced cement concrete was undertaken in the present work. The steel reinforcements were kept in contact with these anodes electrochemically in chloride atmosphere and the half-cell potential drop was observed. Bare steel reinforcements were tied to the anodes and were also kept in high chloride atmosphere to test the mechanical properties. The yield stress and ultimate tensile stress were found to decrease by approximately 50MPa while the reduction in percentage elongation is approximately 25% for reinforcements tied to AZ91D and pure Mg at the end of 80 days compared to fresh steel reinforcement. The rate of corrosion of pure Mg was reportedly slightly higher compared to AZ91D due to the presence of inter-metallics as inferred through micro-graphs.

Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing River Indus Sand and Recyclable Concrete Aggregate Lakhiar, Muhammad Tahir; Mohamad, Noridah; Jhatial, Ashfaque Ahmed; Sohu, Samiullah; Oad, Mehboob
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

In Pakistan construction Industry, concrete construction is cheaper than the other construction methods with respect to that construction materials demand rises. The 75% volume of total concrete fill with aggregate which contributes to decrease the natural aggregate resources day by day. The best solution for this problem is to utilize River Indus sand and recyclable concrete aggregate as fine and coarse aggregate respectively. In this research the River Indus sand and recyclable coarse aggregate were fully replaced with normal aggregates. The aim of this study was to examine the flexural and tensile performance of concrete containing the River Indus sand and recyclable concrete aggregate. The physical properties were also examined which include the sieve analysis and chemical composition of River Indus sand. The M15, M20 and M25 grade were analyzed at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days water curing. The results define that, flexural strength was reduced from 5% to 15% compared to normal aggregate whereas tensile was decreased from 1% to 1.8% at 28 days water curing.

Physical Model Test for Soft Soil With or Without Prefabricated Vertical Drain with Loading Dao Huu Do; Nguyen Thi Phuong Khue; Phan Khac Hai
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

The paper builds a physical model of testing in the laboratory with the parametric tempered glass box 0.5 0.5 1.2 m (length width depth) containing saturated clay to study the settlement and consolidation when loading increased gradually over time. The research covers herein to present the monitoring of settlement and pore water pressure, settlement calculation, numerical simulation using PLAXIS software V8.2 based on the results of soil physical and mechanical tests before and after loading in case of having or not prefabricated vertical drain (PVD). In case of no PVD, the calculation and numerical simulation using the soil parameters before loading have the differential settlement from the monitoring data, approximately 3.86 mm (10.45%), 0.41 mm (1.11%) respectively. Meanwhile, the deviation in the case using data after loading is about 2.29 mm (6.20%), 0.21 mm (0.56%) respectively. In case of PVD, the calculation and numerical simulation with the testing result of before loading deviation from the settlement monitoring by subsidence meter is 2.91 mm (7.88%), 44.42 mm (120.28%), calculation and simulation with the testing result of after loading deviation is 0.80 mm (2.17%), 1.26 mm (3.41%). In the case of having PVD, the difference in calculation, subsidence observation, and numerical simulation between the mechanical properties before and after loading is significant, when using the mechanical data after loading then the results are quite close to the subsidence of observation and simulation rather than before loading.

Comparison of Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Dry-Cast Concrete with Ordinary Portland and Portland Pozzolana Cements Rasyiid Lathiif Amhudo; Tavio Tavio; I Gusti Putu Raka
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 4, No 8 (2018): August
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Along with the increasing economic needs in the development of construction, precast technology has become a primary solution that leads to the industrialization. The use of precast concrete system offers several advantages, such as rapid erection, higher product quality, lower project cost, better sustainability, and improved occupational health and safety. In general, there are two casting methods used in concrete placement, namely wet- and dry-castings. The dry-cast concrete has also been used for its advantages particularly in precast concrete industries, e.g. its rapid hardening time for fast mold removal (it significantly increases the plant productivity). The use of Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) as a replacement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) has become increasingly popular for the past decade. Hence, its application in dry-cast method needs to be further investigated for its mechanical properties such as its compressive and splitting tensile strengths. An experimental work was carried out to examine the properties of dry-cast concrete using both types of cements (PPC and OPC). The development of its compressive strength was also monitored at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days of age. The splitting test was conducted to describe the tensile strength of dry-cast concrete. The observation of crack and failure behaviour of all concrete specimens were also carried out.

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