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INDONESIA
Civil Engineering Journal
Published by C.E.J Publishing Group
ISSN : 24763055     EISSN : 24763055     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Civil Engineering Journal is a multidisciplinary, an open-access, internationally double-blind peer -reviewed journal concerned with all aspects of civil engineering, which include but are not necessarily restricted to: Building Materials and Structures, Coastal and Harbor Engineering, Constructions Technology, Constructions Management, Road and Bridge Engineering, Renovation of Buildings, Earthquake Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Highway Engineering, Hydraulic and Hydraulic Structures, Structural Engineering, Surveying and Geo-Spatial Engineering, Transportation Engineering, Tunnel Engineering, Urban Engineering and Economy, Water Resources Engineering, Urban Drainage.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,848 Documents
Analysis of Conveyance Losses from Tertiary Irrigation Network Naeem Shah Bukhari Syed; Zhao Shuqi; Muhammad Munir Babar; Rajesh Kumar Soothar
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 10 (2021): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091756

Abstract

Irrigation canals are generally made through porous soil formations, since the soil is loose porous media – a huge amount of canal water is lost to conveyance losses. The situation becomes direr when these losses result in non-beneficial losses. The Sindh province of Pakistan has more than 70% saline groundwater, conveyance losses to such areas in the province not only become unusable but also creates water management problems. Perhaps the only cost-effective way to address these losses is canal lining. The present study was conducted in the command area of Belharo distributary, Sindh, Pakistan with an aim to determine the extent of losses from the tertiary irrigated network as these water channels are less considered in the literature with regards of conveyance losses. Using water balance method, conveyance efficiency and conveyance losses at 30% lined and 50 and 75% unlined length of the watercourses was observed. The results revealed that the tertiary irrigation channels face an average of 43% conveyance losses and major proportion of these losses is lost to non-beneficial losses from the study area. The study further suggests 75% lining of watercourses in order to minimize non-beneficial losses. This study also infers that with the use of geo-membrane lining, sizeable amount of fresh water can be saved. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091756 Full Text: PDF
Steel Fiber Enhancement upon Punching Shear Strength of Concrete Flat Plates Exposed to Fire Flame Dalaf, Ahmed Naji; Mohammed, Shatha Dheyaa
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 10 (2021): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091751

Abstract

In this study, the effect of fire flame on the punching shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete flat plates was experimentally investigated using nine half-scale specimens with dimensions of 1500×1500 mm and a total thickness of 100 mm. The main investigated variables comprised the steel fiber volume fraction 0, 1, and 1.5% and the burning steady state temperature 500 and 600 °C. The specimens were divided into three groups, each group consists of three specimens. The specimens in the first group were tested with no fire effect to be the reference specimens, while the others of the second and third groups were tested after being exposed to fire-flame effect. The adopted characteristics of the fire test were; (one hour) burning time duration and 500 and 600 °C steady state temperature with sudden cooling process (water sprinkling directly after burning). The test results proved that exposing to direct fire effect for one hour caused a reduction in the punching shear strength with an increase in the ultimate mid-span deflection. Also, it was noticed that using steel fiber in the concrete mix leads to a significant increase in the punching shear strength for both the unburned and burned specimens. The ultimate punching load increased by about 11 and 16.6% for the unburned specimens with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively, and by about 22.4 and 19% for the burned specimens at 500 °C with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively. While, it was increased by about 29.2 and 21.5% for the burned specimens at 600 °C with 1.0 and 1.5% steel fiber volume fraction, respectively, as compared with the reference specimen of each group. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091751 Full Text: PDF
The Effect of Animal Bone Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Yasir N. Kadhim; Wail Asim Mohammad Hussain; Abdulrasool Thamer Abdulrasool
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 10 (2021): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091757

Abstract

For the sake of enhancing the mechanical properties and durability of asphalt concrete, many studies suggest adding different admixtures, such as waste materials in the form of filler. These admixtures have a significant influence on the performance of asphalt concrete by plying a roll in filling the voids between particles and sometimes as a cementitious material. This study aims to improve the strength of asphalt concrete by adding crushed animal bone to the mix after carbonization at a temperature of 800 Co. Seven different percentages (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100%) of animal bone ash as a replacement for the filler percentage were added to the optimum asphalt concrete mix. A number of tests were conducted on asphalt concrete specimens to measure Marshall stability (MS), Marshall flow value (MF), voids filled with asphalt percentages (VFA), air void percentages (VA), voids in mineral aggregate percentages (VMA), and maximum theoretical specific gravity (GMM). From the results, the maximum stability of 14.85 KN was reached when using animal bone ash of 20% as a partial replacement for the conventionally used filler (limestone). In general, there are some improvements in the physical properties of asphalt concrete with animal bone ash, which can be related to the increase in the bond between the particles of aggregates and the bitumen material. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091757 Full Text: PDF
Influence of Soil-Structure Interaction on the Seismic Response of the Structure on Mat Foundation G. D. Awchat; A. S. Monde
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 10 (2021): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091752

Abstract

The disasters that occur due to seismic activities not only affect the structure but also soil beneath it. Neglecting the effect of Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) in design leads to unsafe design. This paper focuses on the behavior of the structure under El-Centro earthquake considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Seismic response of G+10 storied building in various seismic zones of India is obtained using Time-history method. The direct approach i.e., finite element analysis is used to analyze effect of SSI. The model with mat foundation and soil is compared with fixed base model in SAP 2000 v.20. The behavior of the structure is studied by parameters like inter-storey drift ratio, lateral storey displacements, response spectrum curves for spectral acceleration and spectral velocity for various damping and time period of different seismic zones of India. The parameter like inter-storey drift ratio can determine safety of the structures. From inter-storey drift ratios, the buildings in zone IV and zone V were found to be unsafe. The lateral storey drift was found to increase by 47-87% considering SSI in zone II and 60-95% considering SSI in Zone II, IV and V. It also increased with increase in storey number. The spectral acceleration, spectral velocity and time period increased by considering effects of SSI in each seismic zone. The spectral acceleration and spectral velocity found to decrease with increase in damping and increase in seismic zones from zone II to V. Further to reduce the effect of SSI the structures can be equipped with base isolators and various types of dampers. It is clear that from zone III to V, SSI should be included for structures on soft soil and for retrofitting of the structure. Some experimental studies can further be performed and the numerical modelling can include parameters like P-delta, angle of incidence of ground motions and various structural systems can be implemented in this study. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091752 Full Text: PDF
Impact of Landuse Morphology on Urban Transportation Okeke, Francis O.; Gyoh, Louis; Echendu, Ifeanyi F.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 10 (2021): October
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091758

Abstract

People, cities, nations and the world, in general, would remain largely underdeveloped without transportation systems. However, Transportation puts significant pressure on land use and poses a great challenge to urban sustainability in developing countries. This study examines the influence of Land use structure on Intra-urban transportation in the developing city of cities in the West African sub-region – using Enugu city as a case study. The study uses a descriptive research method. A survey was carried out in six districts within the Enugu metropolis based on a stratified, purposive sampling technique. Questionnaires were used as data collection instruments; 400 respondence participated in the study employing Yamane equation. Furthermore, a twelve-hour (7 am to 7 pm) traffic count was conducted to assess traffic volume. The study finding revealed that Transportation within the urban areas is significantly impacted by Land-use structure, city morphology, neighbourhood characteristics in terms of population and residential density of the city. The hypothesis suggests no significant difference between the various land uses across the Enugu metropolis (p = 0.129). It was also discovered that an average of 122,431 Passenger Car Units (PCU) constantly ply the metropolis roads to service a total population of 564,725 daily, indicated a high rate of car dependency. The study surmises that land use generates vehicular traffic, which impacts the socio-economic environment and the effectiveness of the transportation system. The significance of this study is that the findings contribute to the existing knowledge base that would advance stratic policy formation towards acceleration of the uptake of sustainable urban transportation systems in the region. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091758 Full Text: PDF
Limitations on ACI Code Minimum Thickness Requirements for Flat Slab Abd Al-Zahra, Bilal Ismaeel; Alwash, Maitham; Baiee, Ameer; Shubbar, Ali A.
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 11 (2021): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091769

Abstract

Reinforced concrete two-way flat slabs are considered one of the most used systems in the construction of commercial buildings due to the ease of construction and suitability for electrical and mechanical paths. Long-term deflection is an essential parameter in controlling the behavior of this slab system, especially with long spans. Therefore, this study is devoted to investigating the validation of the ACI 318-19 Code long-term deflection limitations of a wide range of span lengths of two-way flat slabs with and without drop panels. The first part of the study includes nonlinear finite element analysis of 63 flat slabs without drops and 63 flat slabs with drops using the SAFE commercial software. The investigated parameters consist of the span length (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10m), compressive strength of concrete (21, 35, and 49 MPa), the magnitude of live load (1.5, 3, and 4.5 kN/m2), and the drop thickness (0.25tslab, 0.5tslab, and 0.75tslab). In addition, the maximum crack width at the top and bottom are determined and compared with the limitations of the ACI 224R-08. The second part of this research proposes modifications to the minimum slab thickness that satisfy the permissible deflection. It was found, for flat slabs without drops, the increase in concrete compressive strength from 21MPa to 49MPa decreases the average long-term deflection by (56, 53, 50, 44, 39, 33 and 31%) for spans (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 m) respectively. In flat slab with drop panel, it was found that varying drop panel thickness t2 from 0.25  to 0.75  decreases the average long-term deflection by (45, 41, 39, 35, 31, 28 and 25%) for span lengths (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 m) respectively. Limitations of the minimum thickness of flat slab were proposed to vary from Ln/30 to Ln/19.9 for a flat slab without a drop panel and from Ln/33 to Ln/21.2 for a flat slab with drop panel. These limitations demonstrated high consistency with the results of Scanlon and Lee's unified equation for determining the minimum thickness of slab with and without drop panels. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091769 Full Text: PDF
Performance Study of Buried Pipelines under Static Loads Alanazi, Mahdi J.; Qinghua, Yang; Al-Bukhaiti, Khalil
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 8, No 1 (2022): January
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-01

Abstract

The possibility of servicing lifelines such as highways, railways, pipelines, and tunnels is of great social importance. The characteristic that separates the buried pipeline from other structures is that its dimensions are very long compared to its other dimensions. Ground vibrations caused by earthquakes, construction activities, traffic, explosions, and machinery can damage these structures. Lifeline integrity can be compromised in two ways: (1) direct damage due to excessive dynamic loading of the lifeline, and (2) indirect damage due to soil failures such as liquefaction, slope instability, and differential settlements. 3D printing (also known as additive manufacturing) is an advanced manufacturing process that can automatically produce complex geometric shapes from a 3D computer-aided design model without tools, molds, or fixtures. This automated manufacturing process has been applied in diverse industries today because it can revolutionize the construction industry with expected benefits. This research study on the performance of buried pipelines under static loads to the structure's safety against the possible development of progressive failure. This research study includes a numerical study, where it was studied many parameters to value the performance of the pipeline. The parameters are (a) the material of the pipeline (steel, traditional concrete, and 3D concrete printed), (b) the thickness of the pipeline (20, 30, and 40 mm), and (c) soil type (moist sandy soil, saturated sandy soil, moist cohesive soil, and saturated cohesive soil). Different results were obtained depending on the type of soil where all pipelines materials' behavior was similar in the case of moist soil. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-01 Full Text: PDF
A Novel Macroscopic Traffic Model based on Distance Headway Zawar H. Khan; T. Aaron Gulliver; Khurram S. Khattak
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7 (2021): Special Issue "Innovative Strategies in Civil Engineering Grand Challenges"
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2021-07-03

Abstract

A new model is proposed to characterize changes in traffic at transitions. These changes are affected by driver response. The distance headway between vehicles is considered as it affects driver behavior. Driver response is quick with a small distance headway and slow when the distance headway is large. The variations in traffic are greater with a slow driver while traffic is smooth with a quick driver. A model is developed which characterizes traffic based on driver response and distance headway. This model is compared with the well-known and widely employed Zhang and PW models. The Zhang model characterizes driver response at transitions using an equilibrium velocity distribution and ignores distance headway and driver response. Traffic flow in the PW model is characterized using only a velocity constant. Roe decomposition is employed to evaluate the Zhang, PW, and proposed models over a 270 m circular (ring) road. Results are presented which show that Zhang model provides unrealistic results. The corresponding behavior with the proposed model has large variations in flow with a slow driver but is smooth with a quick driver. The PW model provides smooth changes in flow according to the velocity constant, but the behavior is unrealistic because it is not based on traffic physics. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2021-07-03 Full Text: PDF
Effect of Masonry Infill Panels on the Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Zine, Ali; Kadid, Abdelkrim; Zatar, Abdallah
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 7, No 11 (2021): November
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091764

Abstract

The present work concerns the numerical investigation of reinforced concrete frame buildings containing masonry infill panel under seismic loading that are widely used even in high seismicity areas. In seismic zones, these frames with masonry infill panels are generally considered as higher earthquake risk buildings. As a result there is a growing need to evaluate their level of seismic performance. The numerical modelling of infilled frames structures is a complex task, as they exhibit highly nonlinear inelastic behaviour, due to the interaction of the masonry infill panel and the surrounding frame. The available modelling approaches for masonry infill can be grouped into two principal types; Micro models and Macro models. A two dimensional model of the structure is used to carry out non-linear static analysis. Beams and columns are modelled as non-linear with lumped plasticity where the hinges are concentrated at both ends of the beams and the columns. This study is based on structures with design and detailing characteristics typical of Algerian construction model. In this regard, a non-linear pushover analysis has been conducted on three considered structures, of two, four and eight stories. Each structure is analysed as a bare frame and with two different infill configurations (totally infilled, and partially infilled). The main results that can be obtained from a pushover analysis are the capacity curves and the distribution of plastic hinges in structures. The addition of infill walls results in an increase in both the rigidity and strength of the structures. The results indicate that the presence of non-structural masonry infills can significantly modify the seismic response of reinforced concrete "frames". The initial rigidity and strength of the fully filled frame are considerably improved and the patterns of the hinges are influenced by structural elements type depending on the dynamic characteristics of the structures. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091764 Full Text: PDF
Model Development for the Prediction of the Resilient Modulus of Warm Mix Asphalt Huda Mahdi Saleh; Amjad H. Albayati
Civil Engineering Journal Vol 6, No 4 (2020): April
Publisher : Salehan Institute of Higher Education

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091502

Abstract

Increasing material prices coupled with the emission of hazardous gases through the production and construction of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) has driven a strong movement toward the adoption of sustainable construction technology. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) is considered relatively a new technology, which enables the production and compaction of asphalt concrete mixtures at temperatures 15-40 °C lower than that of traditional hot mix asphalt. The Resilient modulus (Mr) which can be defined as the ratio of axial pulsating stress to the corresponding recoverable strain, is used to evaluate the relative quality of materials as well as to generate input for pavement design or pavement evaluation and analysis. Based on the aforementioned preface, it is possible to conclude that there is a real need to develop a predictive model for the resilient modulus of the pavement layer constructed using WMA. Within the experimental part of this study, 162 cylindrical specimens of WMA were prepared with dimensions of 101.6 mm in diameter and 63.5 mm in thickness. The specimens were subjected to the indirect tension test by pneumatic repeated loading system (PRLS) to characterize the resilient modulus. The test conditions (temperature and load duration) as well as mix parameters (asphalt content, filler content and type, and air voids) are considered as variables during the specimen’s preparation. Following experimental part, the statistical part of the study includes a model development to predict the Mr using Minitab vs 17 software. The coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.964 for the predicted model which is referred to a very good relation obtained. The Mr value for the WMA is highly affected by the temperature and moderately by the load duration, whereas the mix parameters have a lower influence on the Mr.

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