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Indonesian Journal of Chemistry

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 14119420 EISSN : 24601578 DOI : -

Core Subject : Science, Engineering,

Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry is an International, peer-reviewed, open access journal that publishes original research articles, review articles, as well as short communication in all areas of chemistry including applied chemistry. The journal is accredited by The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (RISTEKDIKTI) No : 21/E/KPT/2018 (in First Rank) and indexed in Scopus since 2012. Since 2018 (Volume 18), Indonesian Journal of Chemistry publish four issues (numbers) annually (February, May, August and November).

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Articles 30 Documents

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Search results for , issue "Vol 19, No 4 (2019)" : 30 Documents clear

Torrefaction of Food Waste as a Potential Biomass Energy Source Rahsya Nur Udzaifa Abdul Rahman; Mazni Ismail; Ruwaida Abdul Rasid; Noor Ida Amalina Ahamad Nordin
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Food waste (FW) represents a major component of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia which causes negative impact due to poor waste management. One of a promising strategy to reduce the FW is to convert the FW to energy sources through thermal pre-treatment process which known as torrefaction. The aim of this study is to investigate the improvement of chemical properties and energy potential of the torrefied FW. The torrefaction of FW was conducted using tubular reactor to evaluate the influence of temperature (220 to 260°C) and residence time (15 to 60 min) on the quality of torrefied FW. The quality of torrefied FW were evaluated using ultimate analysis, proximate analysis, mass yield, energy yield and higher heating value (HHV). From ultimate analysis, the carbon, C was increased, however the hydrogen, H and oxygen, O decreased across the torrefaction temperature and residence time. This lead to the increasing of HHV with the increasing of temperature and time. The HHV of the dried FW was improved from 19.15 to 23.9 MJ/kg after being torrefied at 260°C for 60 min. The HHV indicated that FW has the potential to be utilized as an energy source.

Research on Lemongrass Oil Extraction Technology (Hydrodistillation, Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation) Thien Hien Tran; Duy Chinh Nguyen; Thuong Nhan Nguyen Phu; Van Thi Thanh Ho; Dai Viet Nguyen Vo; Long Giang Bach; Trinh Duy Nguyen
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) is preferred to traditional extraction methods due to shorter extraction time, the inability of volatile components to be damaged or decomposed which in turn improve the efficiency and quality of essential oils. In this research, we investigated the parameters that affect the extraction of lemongrass oil process by MAHD method and compare with those of hydro-distillation (HD) method. Four parameters were identified which are: raw material size, raw material to water ratio, extraction time and microwave power. The results show that the optimum condition for determining the lemongrass essential oil content is 20 mm in the 90 min extraction time with a microwave power of 450 W at raw material to water ratio of 1:3 (g/mL). When compared to the HD method, we found that the yield lemongrass oil of MAHD method is 0.35% on 90 min and the yield of HD method is 0.2% on 360 min. The quality of oil samples at different extraction method was evaluated by determining their chemical constituents through GC-MS. The highest identified component is Citral with 93.28% for MAHD, while the HD was 83.85%. Therefore, MAHD method is highly efficient and shorten the time needed for the extraction of essential oils.

Semirefined Carrageenan (SRC) Film Incorporated with α-Tocopherol and Persicaria minor for Meat Patties Application Khadijah Husna Abd Hamid; Wan Amnin Wan Yahaya; Neenasha Bebe Mohd Nor; Alyaa Syahierra Ghazali; Siti Kholijah Abdul Mudalip; Norashikin Mat Zain; Maria Pilar Almajano; Nurul Aini Mohd Azman
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Semirefined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with glycerol (G) and incorporated with antioxidants of 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor (PM) extract was successfully developed. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant effect of active packaging films from semirefined carrageenan incorporated with α-tocopherol and Persicaria minor on meat patties. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol and PM extract were measured. The effects of α-tocopherol and PM extract incorporated with SRC-based films on meat patties were evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) assay, metmyoglobin assay, and pH value for 14 days of storage. The films with 0.4% (v/v) of α-tocopherol and PM extract exhibited a lower lipid oxidation in meat patties compared with that of control (SRC film only, p < 0.05). Also, a brown color development of the meat patties of less than 50% was observed at the end of the 14-day storage. Meanwhile, the pH values for all samples decreased throughout the storage period with the SRC+G+α-tocopherol film showed the highest pH value. Hence, the formulation of SRC film with α-tocopherol or PM extract could be used as an alternative packaging for extending the shelf life of food product with high fat content.

Extraction of Hydroxyapatite from Fish Scales and Its Integration with Rice Husk for Ammonia Removal in Aquaculture Wastewater Sofiah Hamzah; Norhafiza Ilyana Yatim; Maslinda Alias; Asmadi Ali; Nazaitulshila Rasit; Azzam Abuhabib
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Aquaculture plays an important role in providing food and generate high income in many developing countries but the abundance of ammonia discharged from aquaculture wastewater gives the problem to the environment. This study focused on the extraction of hydroxyapatite (HAp) from fish scales and its modification with rice husk to produce bio-adsorbent for ammonia removal from aquaculture wastewater. The comparison has been made for the HAp preparation via microwave irradiation, alkaline heat treatment, and thermal decomposition method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the surface chemistry and crystallinity of HAp, respectively. While the morphology of the HAp was observed under a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hydroxyapatite extracted via thermal decomposition method shows the best performance about 79% of ammonia removal at 210 min contact time which selected for coating agent of rice husk (RH/HAp) and was successfully removed 84% at 60 min saturation time. The result shows thermal decomposition is the best technique to extract HAp from fish scales and its integration with rice husk exhibited a better performance of bio-adsorbent. The findings of this study provide useful fundamental knowledge and platform for the development and improvement of aquaculture wastewater treatment system in the future.

Comparative Mass Transfer Study of Basic and Acid Magenta Adsorption onto Natural Clay Radia Yous; Hakima Cherifi; Razika Khalladi
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

In this work a comparative study of basic and acid magenta sorption on Algerian natural untreated clay was investigated using theoretical models for the following conditions C0(BM) = 200 mg/L, C0(AM) = 150 mg/L, V = 500 mL, CB(BM) = 1g/L, T = 22 °C. Adsorption mechanism of both dyes based on an intraparticle diffusion, external mass transfer, and kinetic models was examined. Statistical error functions regression coefficient (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE) and the average relative error deviation ARED were used to estimate the deviation between experimental and theoretical values. This work indicated that the experimental results obtained for both dyes fitted well the chosen models in the following order: External model of Boyd < Kinetic model < Urano and Tachikawa model < External model of Weber and Morris ≤ Weber and Morris internal diffusion model. However, the calculated values of Biot number are 32.31 and 69.33 for acid magenta and basic magenta respectively, indicating that the adsorption of both dyes onto the same clay is initially controlled by external film diffusion at the first ten minutes. The adsorption capacity of the tested clay for both dyes is remarkable compared to other natural adsorbents. Where the best results were obtained for basic magenta (qexp = 198.028 mg g–1, R2 = 0.992, ARED = 0.128 and RMSE = 0.461).

Effect of Glutaraldehyde Concentration on Catalytic Efficacy of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized onto Silica from Oil Palm Leaves Emmanuel Onoja; Roswanira Abdul Wahab
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Till date, studies that investigated the effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on catalytic efficacy of biocatalyst developed with silica-derived from oil palm leaves (OPL) as support, are unknown. The study presents the preparation of a support consisting of silica extracted from OPL coated over magnetite (G/A/SiO2-M) for the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL). Herein, the effect of glutaraldehyde concentration on the catalytic efficacy of immobilized CRL was assessed by the enzymatic production of butyl butyrate as a model. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and immobilization parameters indicated that covalent bound CRL on functionalized OPL-derived silica-magnetite composite activated with 4% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution (100 mM, pH 7.0) (CRL/G/A/SiO2-M) and pretreated in toluene, resulted in a protein loading and an immobilization yield of 68.3 mg/g and 74.3%, respectively. The resultant CRL/G/A/SiO2-M biocatalyst which specific activity was 61.9 U/g catalyzed the esterification production of 76.5% butyl butyrate in just 3 h, as confirmed by analyses of the purified ester using FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Hence, the finding envisages the promising use of G/A/SiO2-M support fabricated from discarded OPL as a carrier for immobilization and activation of CRL, in conjunction to being a good alternative source of renewable silica.

Rotational Barrier and Conjugation: Theoretical Study of Resonance Stabilization of Various Substituents for the Donors NH2 and OCH3 in Substituted 1,3-Butadienes Ali Hussain Yateem
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The barrier to internal rotation around the central C2–C3 single bond of a series of (1E)-monosubstituted 1,3-butadienes and (1E,3E)-1-Y-4-X-disubstituted butadienes, with Y=NH2 or OCH3 and X=NO2, CHO, COOH, CN, CF3, Cl or F, were studied at the density functional w B97X-D/6-31G∗∗ level. The effect of substituents on π-conjugation in disubstituted 1,3-butadienes was studied by correlating the calculated internal rotational barriers with the difference in structural, atomic and molecular properties between the transition state TS and the s-trans conformers. The calculated differences in lengths of C–C, C–NH2 and C–OCH3 single bonds, N-H-N, and C-O-CH3 angles, NH2 out-of-plane angle, natural charges on amino nitrogen and methoxy oxygen, and the maximum electrostatic potential on amino hydrogens, were found to correlate strongly with the rotational barriers. The conjugative interaction was strongly stabilized in the case of strong π-electron acceptors such as NO2 or CHO and is slightly or negligibly affected with Cl and F groups. The resonance stabilization with the remaining acceptors decreases in the order COOH > CN > CF3. Acceptors X maintain their relative order of stabilization for the two donors, and NH2 is more stabilizing. Dominant resonance structures are suggested for highly and negligibly conjugated systems.

Kinetics Modeling of Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis from Glycerol and Urea over Amberlyst-15 Catalyst Hary Sulistyo; Sabariyanto Sabariyanto; Muhammad Noor Ridho Aji; Muhammad Mufti Azis
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Synthesize of glycerol carbonate from glycerol and urea is an attractive path as glycerol carbonate has a large potential as a green solvent. The aim of the present study was to develop a kinetic model of glycerol carbonate synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins as a catalyst. The investigation was carried out at various temperatures from 353 to 383 K and catalyst loading from 0.25 to 1 wt.% of glycerol. The experimental results indicated that both temperature and catalyst loading have an important effect on the glycerol conversion. According to the experimental result, the highest glycerol conversion was found 36.90% which was obtained using a molar ratio of urea to glycerol 1:3, catalyst loading of 1 wt.%, stirrer speed of 700 rpm, the temperature of 383 K and reaction time of 5 h. A kinetic model was developed based on elementary steps that take place over the catalyst. The model estimated that the pre-exponential factor was 2.89.104 mol.g–1.min–1 and the activation energy was 50.5 kJ.mol–1. By comparing the simulation and experimental data, it could be inferred that the model could predict the trend of experimental data well over the range of temperature and catalyst loading investigated in the present study.

Synthesis of Pyridine Derivative-based Chemosensor for Formaldehyde Detection Nurul Hidayah; Bambang Purwono; Beta Achromi Nurohmah; Harno Dwi Pranowo
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

Compound of 3,3'-(4-(2-amino-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)pyridine-2,6-diyl)dianiline (CHP) has been synthesized via three-step synthetic procedure from veratraldehyde as starting material and 4-(4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrophenyl)-2,6-bis(3-nitrophenyl)pyridine (CHP-1) as an intermediate compound. The CHP-1 was reduced using hydrazine hydrate catalyzed by 10% Pd/C to the final target of CHP. The spectroscopic study revealed that CHP in acetonitrile could detect formaldehyde through fluorescence enhancement and showed color change from yellow to blue under the 365 nm portable ultraviolet lamp as a response. Based on the fluorescence spectra, the emission wavelength of CHP in acetonitrile was shifted from 526 to 480 nm after addition of formaldehyde. Limit detection (LOD), selectivity, sensitivity, and computational study geometry of CHP as a chemosensor for formaldehyde has also been investigated. CHP could also be applied as a test paper for the detection of formaldehyde qualitatively.

Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Molecular Docking Study of N-Phenylpyrazoline Derivatives Artania Adnin Tri Suma; Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih; Mustofa Mustofa
Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Vol 19, No 4 (2019)
Publisher : Universitas Gadjah Mada

The synthesis of N-phenylpyrazolines 1-5 was performed by the cyclocondensation of phenylhydrazine and appropriate chalcones that have been synthesized from our previous work. All of the compounds were elucidated for their structure using GC-MS, FTIR, 1H, and 13C-NMR spectrometers. Their anticancer activity was evaluated against breast cancer cell line (T47D) and colorectal cancer cell line (WiDr). Compound 4 (4-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-2-methoxyphenol) was found to be the most potent compound with IC50 value of 13.11 µg/mL in T47D cell line and 3.29 µg/mL in WiDr cell line. Docking study was conducted to evaluate the interaction between all compounds and EGFR receptor on cancer cells. Among the tested compounds, compound 4 is the only compound that has interaction with MET769 residue through hydrogen bonding due to the presence of hydroxyl group on its structure. Our findings suggest that the synthesized N-phenylpyrazolines in this study have a promising anticancer activity.

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