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Reaktor
Published by Universitas Diponegoro
ISSN : 08520798     EISSN : 24075973     DOI : https://doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.xx.x.xx-xx
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Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Control & Systems Engineering Energy Materials Science & Nanotechnology
Reaktor invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. Reaktor publishes scientific study/ research papers, industrial problem solving related to Chemical Engineering field as well as review papers. The journal presents paper dealing with the topic related to Chemical Engineering including: Transport Phenomena and Chemical Engineering Operating Unit Chemical Reaction Technique, Chemical Kinetics, and Catalysis Designing, Modeling, and Process Optimization Energy and Conversion Technology Thermodynamics Process System Engineering and products Particulate and emulsion technologies Membrane Technology Material Development Food Technology and Bioprocess Waste Treatment Technology
Arjuna Subject : Teknik (semua kategori) - Teknik (Lain-Lain)
Articles 11 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Volume 15 No.3 April 2015" : 11 Documents clear
Front Matter Reaktor Vol 15 No. 3 April 2015 Widayat, W
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (217.441 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.i-vi

Abstract

MODEL HIDRODINAMIKA BIOREAKTOR TANAMAN : KONSEP PERMEABILITAS Mubiar Purwasasmita; Khoirul Hadi
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (735.005 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.154-164

Abstract

Abstract HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE PLANT BIOREACTOR (THE PERMEABILITY CONCEPT). Water flow is important in transport of plant nutrients. To accomadate water flow in plant bioreactor, it is necesary enough space by adding compost, i.e. material from plant residue which contains many of capillary tube. Many hydrodynamic models of water flow in porous and capillary medium are proposed, but there is no the specific model for plant bioreactor which contains particle beads and capillary tube. There are three models are proposed in this study, one each other are different in complexity. The first model has four parameters with mean error of 0.457, the second one has five parameters with error of 0.464, and the last one has seven parameters with mean error of 0.574. From the models, it is found that increasing in particle size or compost fraction will result in increasing permeability. With the compost to bed volume ratio of 1:4, the permeability increase significantly compared to the soil and sandstone. By taking into account of the permeability value in the governing equation of single cyllindrical root system, the water flow is not a rate limiting step for a long of the root. In order to ensure the existence of water flow in the bioreactor, it is suggested to use compost to bed volume ration of 1:1. Keywords: flow in capillary-porous media; permeability; root water uptake;the plant bioreactor Abstrak Aliran air dalam bioreaktor sangat penting dalam perpindahan nutrisi tanaman. Untuk memfasilitasi aliran air dalam bioreaktor tanaman, diperlukan rekayasa ruang melalui penambahan kompos, berupa material bekas tanaman yang mengandung pipa-pipa kapiler. Sudah tersedia berbagai model hidrodinamika untuk aliran lambat melewati unggun, namun belum ada yang secara khusus untuk bioreaktor tanaman yang memiliki butiran partikel dan potongan pipa kapiler. Pada kajian ini terdapat tiga model aliran yang ditinjau, masing-masing hanya berbeda dari sisi kompleksitasnya. Model pertama memiliki empat parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,457, model kedua memiliki lima parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,464, dan model ketiga dengan tujuh parameter dengan kesalahan rata-rata 0,574. Dengan menggunakan model tersebut diperoleh bahwa permeabilitas akan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya ukuran partikel dan atau fraksi kompos. Penambahan kompos seperempat dari volume unggun total akan memberikan peningkatan permeabilitas yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan tanah dan batuan pasir biasa. Dengan memasukkan parameter ini kedalam persamaan pengambilan air pada sistem akar silinder tunggal, maka perpindahan air bukan lagi menjadi tahap pembatas laju di sepanjang akar. Untuk menjamin ketersediaan aliran, disarankan menggunakan kompos sebesar setengah dari volume unggun total.
Synthesized of Double Layer Thin Film ZnO/ZnO:Ag by Sol-Gel Method for Direct Blue 71 Photodegradation Heri Sutanto; Singgih Wibowo; Eko Hidayanto; Iis Nurhasanah; Hady Hadiyanto
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (624.468 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.175-181

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to synthesize and to characterize a single and a double layer ZnO and ZnO/ZnO:Ag thin films and their application for degradation of direct blue 71. Double layer (DL) thin films of zinc oxide and silver-doped zinc oxide (ZnO/ZnO:Ag) were deposited on the substrate glass by using sol-gel spray coating technique. Ag doping variations (2, 4, 6 and 8 %mol) into ZnO were studied. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer were used to analyze structure and optical properties of thin films. Direct Blue 71 (DB71) was used for photocatalytic evaluation under UV light irradiation. XRD result showed that all prepared thin films have wurtzite structure with better crytalinity compared to double layer preparation and increasing concentration of Ag doping. UV-Vis transmittance spectra showed that decreasing of transparency of films followed by DL preparation and Ag doping concentration. By using envelope method, energy gap of films can be determined. ZnO/ZnO:Ag 6% (DL 6%) indicated the smallest energy gap 3,038 eV. The highest DB71 degradation result under UV light irradiation was reached by DL 6% with 55.43% and 8.56 x 10-3 min-1 for photocatalytic efficiency and photodegradation rate, respectively.
Back Matter Reaktor Vol 15 No. 3 2015 Widayuat, W
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (261.56 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.-

Abstract

PREPARASI KARBON TEREMBAN OKSIDA COBALT DARI LIMBAH KULIT MANGGIS SEBAGAI ADSORBEN PENJERAP ETILEN UNTUK PENGAWETAN BUAH Nur Indah Fajar Mukti; Imam Prasetyo; Aswati Mindaryani
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (718.244 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.165-174

Abstract

Ethylene is a compound produced naturally by fruit that can accelerate the maturity of the fruit. Controlling ethylene gas as a product of metabolism of fruit during storage will prolong the shelf life of the fruit. Controlling ethylene gas is carried out by adsorption process using carbon-impregnated cobalt oxide. In this study, carbon as a support made by pyrolysis of extraction waste of mangosteen peel at a temperature of  850°C for 15 minutes. Furthermore, the process of impregnating of cobalt oxide into the carbon pore network was carried out by using the incipient wetness impregnation method by adding a cobalt salt solution into the carbon pore network,  followed by heating at a temperature of 110oC for 8 hours and calcination at a temperature of 200oC for 6 hours. Ethylene adsorption test performed at 30°C using a static volumetric test. While Cavendish banana fruit preservation process was carried out at ambient temperature (20-32oC) by observing the changing of skin color from day to day. Adsorption test results showed that the ethylene uptake increased with the increasing of the composition of cobalt oxide on the carbon surface. The highest ethylene uptake of 6.094 mmol/(gram of adsorbent) was obtained from adsorption of ethylene using carbon-impregnated 30% cobalt oxide. Fruit preservation process indicated that the increasing of amount of adsorbent can improve the shelf life of bananas Cavendish. The highest result was obtained from the addition of 15 grams of carbon-impregnated cobalt oxide and silica gel that can extend the shelf life of bananas Cavendish for 15 days.   Keywords: adsorption; carbon;  cobalt oxide;  ethylene; impregnation Abstrak Etilen merupakan senyawa yang dihasilkan secara alami oleh buah yang dapat mempercepat kematangan pada buah. Pengontrolan gas etilen sebagai produk metabolisme buah selama penyimpanan akan memperpanjang masa simpan buah tersebut. Pengontrolan gas etilen dilakukan dengan proses adsorpsi menggunakan karbon teremban oksida cobalt. Pada penelitian ini, karbon sebagai pengemban dibuat dari pirolisis limbah kulit manggis sisa ekstraksi pada suhu 850oC selama 15 menit. Selanjutnya, proses pengembanan oksida cobalt pada permukaan karbon dibuat melalui proses impregnasi dengan incipient wetness method yang dilakukan dengan menambahkan larutan garam cobalt ke dalam jaringan pori karbon yang dilanjutkan dengan pemanasan pada suhu 110oC selama 8 jam dan kalsinasi pada suhu 200oC selama 6 jam. Uji adsorpsi etilen dilakukan pada suhu 30oC menggunakan alat uji static volumetric. Sedangkan proses pengawetan buah pisang Cavendish dilakukan pada suhu lingkungan (20 – 32oC) dengan mengamati perubahan warna kulitnya dari hari ke hari. Hasil uji adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak komposisi oksida cobalt pada permukaan karbon akan meningkatkan kapasitas penjerapan terhadap etilen. Hasil tertinggi sebesar 6,094 mmol/(gram adsorben) diperoleh dari adsorpsi etilen menggunakan karbon teremban 30% oksida cobalt. Dari proses pengawetan buah menunjukkan bahwa jumlah karbon teremban oksida cobalt yang semakin meningkat dapat meningkatkan umur simpan dari buah pisang Cavendish. Hasil tertinggi diperoleh dari penambahan 15 gram karbon teremban cobalt dan silica gel dapat memperpanjang umur simpan buah pisang Cavendish selama 15 hari. Kata kunci: adsorpsi; karbon; oksida cobalt; etilen; impregnasi
EFEK PENYIMPANAN BIODIESEL BERDASARKAN STUDI KAJIAN DEGRADASI BIODIESEL CPO Silviana Silviana; Luqman Buchori
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (333.812 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.148-153

Abstract

BIODIESEL STORAGE EFFECT BASED ON DEGRADATION OF CPO BIODIESEL Biodiesel denotes as ester mono alkyl of long chain fatty acid such as CPO (crude palm oil) which can biologically degrade more than 98% within three (3) weeks, whereas fossil fuel degrade partially only. The objective of research was to investigate degradation of biodiesel during storage. The scope of this research covered the container design, storage condition, initial analysis of CPO biodiesel, and degradation rate during product storage by using oxidation rate of biodiesel. The results showed that there was degradation on CPO biodiesel during product storage. It can be seen from increasing of acid value and saponification number, decreasing of iodine number, increasing of total glycerol value, and decreasing of ester number in biodiesel product. Storage period prediction of biodiesel can be approached by using equation, i.e. ????=0.0012????2−0.0052????+0.0609. In this research, the maximum storage period of CPO biodiesel achieved at 27 weeks. Other result showed that well storage was achieved with closed-galvanized container.Keywords: biodiesel; CPO; degradation; storage period AbstrakBiodiesel merupakan ester mono alkil dari asam lemak rantai panjang, seperti CPO (crude palm oil) yang terdegradasi lebih dari 98% secara biologi dalam 3 minggu, sedangkan bahan bakar diesel hanya terdegradasi sebagian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati proses degradasi biodiesel selama masa penyimpanan. Penelitian ini meliputi rancangan tangki biodiesel, kondisi penyimpanan, analisa awal biodiesel, dan studi laju degradasi pada tahap penyimpanan produk dengan ditelaah laju oksidasi pada biodiesel.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode proses penyimpanan terjadi proses degradasi biodiesel. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil analisa yang menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan angka asam selama proses penyimpanan, kenaikan angka penyabunan, penurunan bilangan iodine, kenaikan kadar gliserol total dan penurunan kadar ester di dalam biodiesel. Prediksi periode penyimpanan biodiesel dapat didekati dengan persamaan ????=0,0012????2−0,0052????+0,0609. Dari persamaan tersebut diperoleh bahwa periode maksimal penyimpanan biodiesel adalah 27 minggu. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan biodiesel CPO yang paling baik adalah dengan menggunakan bahan galvanized dengan kondisi penyimpanan yang tertutup.
Karakterisasi Produk Biomassa Seluler dalam Bioreaktor Membran pada Biodegradasi Zat Warna Azo Remazol Black 5 Puti Sri Komala; Yommi Dewilda; M Zulfan; Zilvia Wulandari
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (513.465 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.139-147

Abstract

Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan karakterisasi produk biomassa seluler dalam bioreaktor membran (BRM) anoksik-oksik pada biodegradasi zat warna Azo Remazol Black 5 (RB 5) pada umur lumpur rendah. BRM terdiri dari tangki anoksik,  kontak, dan stabilisasi serta membran eksternal polysulfone yang diletakkan di antara tangki kontak dan stabilisasi. Umpan yang digunakan adalah campuran zat warna RB 5 dengan konsentrasi 120 mg/L dan ko-substrat limbah tempe dengan COD berkisar antara 2.080-2.400 mg/L. Dengan kombinasi waktu filtrasi dan backwash 1 jam dan 1 menit, BRM dapat beroperasi selama hampir 50 hari dengan fluks rata-rata 9 lmj dan tekanan 0,8 – 2 bar. Komponen seluler masing-masing tangki dilakukan diukur sebagai parameter material polimer ekstraseluler (EPS) dan produk mikrobial terlarut (SMP). Efisiensi penyisihan warna pada berkisar antara 66%- 77%, sedangkan penyisihan COD berkisar pada 44%-50%. Perpindahan biomassa antar tangki yang tidak sempurna diperkirakan telah menurunkan kinerja penyisihan senyawa organik BRM. Kandungan karbohidrat pada SMP maupun EPS  masing-masing tangki nilainya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kadar protein. Karbohidrat yang berasal dari umpan merupakan penyebab utama fouling dibandingkan protein. Konsentrasi EPS yang tinggi terdapat pada tangki stabilisasi akibat transfer oksigen yang buruk dalam struktur biofilm setelah melewati membran. Kata kunci: Bioreaktor Membran (BRM) anoksik-oksik, material polimer ekstraseluler (EPS), produk mikrobial terlarut (SMP), umur lumpur (SRT), zat warna azo Remazol Black 5   Characterization of Cellular Biomass Products in Membrane Bioreactor on Azo Dye Remazol Black 5 Biodegradation Abstract In this study characterization  of  cellular biomass products in anoxic-oxic membrane bioreactor (MBR) on azo dye Remazol Black 5 (RB 5) biodegradation in the low solid retention time was carried out. The MBR consists of anoxic, contacts, and stabilization tank of 4, 2 and 4 hours respectively, and was equipped with an external polysulfone membrane which placed between the contact and the stabilization tanks. Feed was the  mixture of azo dye RB 5 with a concentration of 120 mg/L and co-substrate tempe industrial wastewater with COD ranging between 2.080-2.400 mg / L. With a combination of  filtration and backwash time of 1 hour and 1 minute, the MBR was operated for 50 days with an average flux 9 lmh and pressures of  0.8 to 2 bar. Cellular components of each tank was measured as a parameter performed extracellular polymeric material (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP). The color removal efficiency was in range of 66%- 77%, while COD removal efficieny i.e. 44%-50%. Unfavorable biomass transfer between tanks may decreased the organics removal efficiencies of MBR. The carbohydrates content of the SMP and EPS from each tank was higher than that of the the protein content. Carbohydrates coming from the feed, seem the main cause of the fouling compared to proteins. The  high concentration of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) was in the stabilization tank due to poor oxygen transfer within the biofilm structure after passing through the membrane.
APLIKASI SORBITOL PADA PRODUKSI BIODEGRADABLE FILM DARI NATA DE CASSAVA Sri Hidayati; Ahmad Sapta Zuidar; Astri Ardiani
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (842.137 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.195-203

Abstract

An experiment of sulfonation process of biodegraabale film was caried out using nata de cassava with variation of sorbitol concentration as plastisizer (0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) and 15% (S5)  by using Randomized Complete Design Block.  The experiment result showed the best  sorbitol concentration present in 9% sorbitol concentration The best characteristic of produced biodegradable film showed that visual properties were achieved with transparent colored white stringy, tensile strength of 11.76 MPa, percent extension of 13.28%, the solubility of 72.08%. This film can be degraded during 5 weeks. Keyword:  biodegradable film, nata de cassava, sorbitol Abstrak Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi biodegradable film dari nata de cassava dengan perlakuan konsentrasi sorbitol sebagai plastisizer 0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) dan 15% (S5) menggunakan Rancangan kelompok Acak lengkap.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi terbaik yaitu sorbitol 9%, dengan hasil penampakan visual yaitu berwarna transparan berserabut putih, kuat tarik sebesar 11,76 MPa, persen perpanjangan sebesar 13,28%, kelarutan sebesar 72,08%. Film dapat terdegradasi selama 5 minggu. Kata Kunci: biodegradable fim, nata de cassava, sorbitol
Synthesis of TiO2 nanotubes by using combination of sonication and hydrothermal treatment and their photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution Indar Kustiningsih; S Slamet; Widodo Wahyu Purwanto
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (764.721 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.204-211

Abstract

Effect of sonication and hydrothermal treatments on the synthesized of Titania nanotubes (TiO2 NT)has been investigated. Sonication of TiO2 P25 sol was performed using ultrasonic probe for certain time followed by hydrothermal treatment in a teflon lined stainless steel autoclave. The samples were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET).The photocatalytic activity of prepared samples was evaluated with photocatalytic H2 evolution from aqueous methanol solution. The result showed that TiO2 NT was formed rapidly along with the duration of sonication treatment but the longer processing time of it would destroy the morphology of TiO2 NT. The optimal sonication time for the TiO2 NT formation was 10 min. It was obtained TiO2 NT with high crystallinity, high surface area and a perfect nanotubes structure.  Hydrogen production by using this sample was about two times higher than TiO2 P25 nanoparticle.   Keywords : TiO2 nanotubes, sonication, hydrothermal, hydrogen   Abstrak   Efek kombinasi proses sonikasi dan hidrotermal pada pembentukan TiO2 nanotubes telah dilakukan. TiO2 P25 disonikasi menggunakan ultrasonik probe dengan waktu tertentu kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses hidrotermal di autoklaf berbahan teflon dan stainless steel. Sampel yang diperoleh di karakteriksasi menggunakan X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). Aktifitas fotokatalis dari sampel diuji untuk produksi hidrogen dari larutan metanol. Dari hasil yang diperoleh TiO2 nanotubes lebih cepat terbentuk dengan adanya proses sonikasi, akan tetapi semakin lama waktu sonikasi bentuk nanotubes yang diperoleh menjadi rusak. Waktu optimal untuk proses sonikasi adalah 10 menit. Pada kondisi ini TiO2 yang terbentuk memiliki kristalinitas dan luas permukaan tinggi serta bentuk nanotubes yang sempurna. Produksi hidrogen pada kondisi inipun dua kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan TiO2 P25 nano partikel.   Kata Kunci : TiO2 nanotubes, sonikasi, hidrotermal, hidrogen 
PENGARUH CO-PRECIPITATION BESI KLORIDA TERHADAP KINERJA LUMPUR AKTIF PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK SINTETIK Dian Fatikha Aristiami; I Nyoman Widiasa
Reaktor Volume 15 No.3 April 2015
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (595.491 KB) | DOI: 10.14710/reaktor.15.3.182-189

Abstract

The increase of population leads to an increase of the quantity of domestic wastewater. Activated sludge system is the most cost-efective to treat the domestic wastewater treatment. This study is aimed to evaluate the co-precipitation coagulant effect of FeCl3 on the growth of activated sludge, settling characteristics of the activated sludge, and effluent quality. sludge sedimentation characteristics (settling) as well as on the effluent quality. The activated sludge systems were operated in batch mode and synthetic domestic wastewaters with C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1 were used as feed wastewater. The growth of activated sludge was based on concentration of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), settling characteristics of activated sludge was based on value of Sludge Volume Index (SVI), and effluent quality was based on turbidity, colour, N-ammonia concentration, and Chemical Oxygen Demand content. Results indicate that inhibition effect of FeCl3 to activated sludge activity was not significant at dosage ≤ 30 mg/L. Good settling characterisic (SVI 70-150 mg/L) was achieved at dosage of 20-30 mg/L. Finally, the best effluent quality, i.e. turbidity (9.4), colour (96), amonia removal (83.6%), and COD removal (72.97%), at dosage of 30 mg/L. Keywords: activated sludge; co-precipitation; domestic wastewater; wastewater treatment Abstrak Peningkatan jumlah penduduk mengakibatkan kenaikan jumlah air limbah domestik. Sistem lumpur aktif merupakan proses yang paling efektif untuk mengolah air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh co-precipitation koagulan FeCl3 terhadap pertumbuhan lumpur aktif, karakteristik pengendapan lumpur aktif, dan kualitas efluen. Sistem lumpur aktif dioperasikan secara curah dan umpan air limbah yang digunakan adalah air limbah domestik sintesis dengan rasio C:N:P = 100:5:1. Pertumbuhan lumpur aktif  berdasarkan konsentrasi Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), karakteristik pengendapan lumpur berdasarkan  nilai Sludge Volume Index (SVI), dan kualitas efluen berdasarkan tingkat kekeruhan, warna, kadar N-amonia dan kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inhibisi FeCl3 terhadap aktivitas lumpur aktif tidak signifikan pada dosis ≤ 30 mg/L. Karakteristik pengendapan yang baik (SVI 70-150 mg/L) tercapai pada dosis 20-30 mg/L. Kualitas efluen terbaik, yaitu  kekeruhan (9,4),  warna (96), penyisihan amonia (83,6%) dan penyisihan COD (72,97%), pada dosis 30 mg/L. Kata kunci: lumpur aktif; co-precipitation; air limbah domestik; pengolahan air limbah  

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