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TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Published by Universitas Tarumanagara
ISSN : 14109735     EISSN : 26557967     DOI : -
Core Subject : Engineering,
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering
Teknik Sistem Komputer Teknik Sistem Telekomunikasi Teknik Biomedical Intenet of Thing
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Articles 285 Documents
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Cover TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025 Cover TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 1 (2025): TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

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Cover TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
Deftar Redaksi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025 Deftar Redaksi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 1 (2025): TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

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Deftar Redaksi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
Daftar isi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025 Daftar isi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 1 (2025): TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

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Daftar isi TESLA Vol 27 No.1 MARET 2025
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF VOLTAGE IMBALANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A MICROCONTROLLER-BASED CAGE ROTOR INDUCTION MOTOR Abdullah Avif Putra Buana; Ruskardi; Rianda
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i1.34771

Abstract

The three-phase induction motor is the most widely used alternating current (AC) electric motor in industrial applications, particularly for driving large-capacity loads. Its flexibility, efficiency, and ability to operate reliably under harsh environmental conditions make it the preferred choice in manufacturing, processing, and mining sectors, with an estimated 70% share of all industrial electric machines. However, one common technical issue encountered in the field is three-phase supply voltage unbalance. Even a small percentage of voltage unbalance can lead to increased phase current, torque fluctuations, higher operating temperatures, reduced efficiency, and instability in the overall power system. This study aims to analyze the impact of voltage unbalance on the performance of a squirrel-cage induction motor using a microcontroller-based monitoring system. Laboratory experiments were conducted by varying the degree of voltage unbalance in accordance with the NEMA MG 1-1993 standard. The monitoring system was designed with a microcontroller integrated with voltage and current sensors, enabling real-time data acquisition. The measured parameters included current, speed, slip, torque, and efficiency. Experimental results indicate that increasing the voltage unbalance from 0.53% to 5.22% led to a 4–7-fold increase in current unbalance, a slip rise of approximately 2%, and a reduction in efficiency from 90% to 82%. These findings demonstrate a direct correlation between supply voltage quality and motor performance. The results emphasize that controlling voltage unbalance—whether through proper distribution system maintenance or the use of compensation devices—is essential to maintaining optimal performance and extending the service life of three-phase induction motors in industrial environments. Motor induksi tiga fasa merupakan motor listrik arus bolak-balik (AC) yang paling banyak digunakan di industri, terutama sebagai penggerak beban berkapasitas besar. Fleksibilitas, efisiensi, dan ketahanannya terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang berat menjadikannya pilihan utama pada sektor manufaktur, pengolahan, dan pertambangan, dengan estimasi penggunaan mencapai 70% dari seluruh mesin listrik industri. Namun, salah satu permasalahan teknis yang sering ditemui di lapangan adalah ketidakseimbangan tegangan suplai tiga fasa. Ketidakseimbangan ini, meskipun hanya beberapa persen, dapat memicu kenaikan arus fasa, fluktuasi torsi, peningkatan suhu operasi, penurunan efisiensi, dan gangguan kestabilan sistem tenaga listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak ketidakseimbangan tegangan terhadap performa motor induksi rotor sangkar menggunakan sistem monitoring berbasis mikrokontroler. Pengujian dilakukan di laboratorium dengan memvariasikan ketidakseimbangan tegangan sesuai standar NEMA MG 1-1993. Sistem monitoring dirancang menggunakan mikrokontroler yang terintegrasi dengan sensor tegangan dan arus, sehingga mampu merekam data secara real-time. Parameter yang diukur meliputi arus, kecepatan, slip, torsi, dan efisiensi. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan ketidakseimbangan tegangan dari 0,53% hingga 5,22% menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan arus hingga 4–7 kali lipat, kenaikan slip sekitar 2%, serta penurunan efisiensi dari 90% menjadi 82%. Dampak ini menunjukkan korelasi langsung antara kualitas tegangan suplai dan kinerja motor. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pengendalian ketidakseimbangan tegangan, baik melalui pemeliharaan sistem distribusi maupun penggunaan perangkat kompensasi, sangat penting untuk mempertahankan performa optimal dan memperpanjang umur pakai motor induksi tiga fasa di lingkungan industri.
EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR IN A COOLING TOWER SYSTEM AT PT. POLYCHEM INDONESIA TBK Qonita Auliani; Bagus Dwicahyono
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i2.35663

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the performance of three-phase induction motors used in cooling tower systems at PT. Polychem Indonesia Tbk. Cooling towers play an important role in maintaining production stability in the chemical industry, where motor reliability is essential to ensure continuous water circulation. This study uses a quantitative approach through an online inspection method with the main parameters measured including voltage, current, and temperature. Field observations are supplemented with literature studies and interviews with experienced technicians to strengthen the analysis. The measurement results show that the motor operates within safe limits, with voltage maintained stable below 400 V, current not exceeding the nominal current of 345 A, and operating temperature remaining below 75°C. Error analysis shows a relatively small average error percentage, namely 0.02% for voltage, 0.05% for temperature, and 0.16% for current. These values are well below the ±5% tolerance limit according to the IEC 13B-23 standard, thus proving the accuracy of the measurements and the reliability of the motor's performance. These findings also indicate that a routine preventive maintenance program can minimize the risk of overvoltage, overcurrent, and overheating. Thus, it can be concluded that the GM-315 A three-phase induction motor is still operating reliably, efficiently, and safely in supporting the cooling tower system at PT. Polychem Indonesia Tbk Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja motor induksi 3 fasa yang digunakan pada sistem cooling tower di PT. Polychem Indonesia Tbk. Cooling tower berperan penting dalam menjaga kestabilan produksi pada industri kimia, di mana keandalan motor sangat dibutuhkan untuk memastikan sirkulasi air berjalan kontinu. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif melui metode on-line inspection dengan parameter utama yang diukur meliputi tegangan, arus, dan suhu. Observasi lapangan dilengkapi dengan studi literatur serta wawancara dengan teknisi berpengalaman guna memperkuat analisis. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa motor beroperasi dalam batas aman, dengan tegangan terjaga stabil di bawah 400 V, arus tidak melebihi arus nominal 345 A, dan suhu operasional tetap berada di bawah 75°C. analisis error menunjukkan nilai rata-rata persentase error yang relatif kecil, yaitu 0,02% untuk tegangan, 0,05% untuk suhu, dan 0,16% untuk arus. Nilai ini jauh di bawah batas toleransi ±5% sesuai standar IEC 13B-23, sehingga membuktikan tingkat akurasi pengukuran serta keandalan kinerja motor. Temuan ini juga mengindikasikan bahwa program pemeliharaan preventif yang dilakukan secara rutin mampu meminimalkan risiko terjadinya overvoltage, overcurrent, maupun overheating. Dengan demikian, motor induksi 3 fasa GM-315 A dapat disimpulkan masih bekerja dengan andal, efisien, dan aman dalam mendukung sistem cooling tower di PT. Polychem Indonesia Tbk
REACTIVATION OF THE REMOTE CONTROLLED WEAPON STATION (RCWS) SYSTEM AS AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM-BASED DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Suha Aritonang; Roni Permana Saputra; Hendrana Tjahjadi; Adam Mardamsyah; Joni Welman Simatupang
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 1 (2025): TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i1.35666

Abstract

Soldier safety in modern military operations demands weapons systems capable of safe and precise This study presents the reactivation of a previously non-functional Remote Controlled Weapon Station (RCWS) by implementing a Proportional Control (P-control) system using the Teensy 3.5 microcontroller to regulate motor movement on the azimuth and elevation axes. The RCWS system was developed using a distributed multi-microcontroller architecture, in which the Teensy 3.5 serves as the main controller connected to the Arduino Mega 2560 Pro for joystick management and the Arduino Nano for reading the 1024 PPR rotary encoder. The setpoint values were obtained from the joystick, while the actual position was measured by the rotary encoder to calculate the error and generate a proportional PWM control signal. Experimental results indicate that a larger error between the setpoint and actual position produces a higher PWM signal, enabling the system to deliver linear, stable, and precise motor responses. Furthermore, the implementation of limit control on the elevation axis (420 ≤ θ₂ ≤ 600) effectively prevents excessive movement and protects the mechanical structure. Overall, the reactivated RCWS operates in real-time with stable serial communication, and proven reliability, offering potential for further development through the integration of PID control, fuzzy logic, or computer vision tracking to enhance the performance of remote weapon control systems. Abstrak Keselamatan prajurit dalam operasi militer modern menuntut sistem persenjataan yang mampu beroperasi secara aman dan presisi. Penelitian ini membahas reaktivasi sistem Remote Controlled Weapon Station (RCWS) yang sebelumnya tidak berfungsi, dengan fokus pada penerapan kontrol proporsional (P-control) berbasis mikrokontroler Teensy 3.5 untuk mengatur pergerakan motor pada sumbu azimut dan elevasi. Sistem RCWS dirancang menggunakan arsitektur terdistribusi berbasis multi mikrokontroler, di mana Teensy 3.5 berperan sebagai pengendali utama yang terhubung dengan Arduino Mega 2560 Pro sebagai pengelola joystick dan Arduino Nano sebagai pembaca rotary encoder 1024 PPR. Nilai setpoint diperoleh dari joystick, sedangkan posisi aktual dibaca oleh rotary encoder untuk menghitung error dan menghasilkan sinyal kendali PWM secara proporsional. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar error antara setpoint dan posisi aktual, semakin besar pula sinyal PWM yang dihasilkan, sehingga sistem mampu memberikan respon motor yang linier, stabil, dan presisi. Penerapan mekanisme limit control pada sumbu elevasi (420 ≤ θ₂ ≤ 600) berhasil mencegah pergerakan berlebih dan menjaga keamanan mekanik sistem. Secara keseluruhan, sistem RCWS yang direaktivasi berhasil beroperasi secara real-time dengan komunikasi serial yang stabil, serta dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut menggunakan metode PID control, fuzzy logic, atau computer vision tracking untuk meningkatkan performa sistem kendali senjata jarak jauh
TRANSFORMER HEALTH CONDITION ANALYSIS BASED ON HEALTH INDEX AND FAILURE METHOD Iswadi Hasyim Rosma; Boy Ihsan; Jikro Pikri
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i2.35671

Abstract

Transformers are one of the important assets whose health conditions need to be monitored to maintain operating reliability and prevent failures. Regular monitoring and testing can be done on transformer oil and insulating paper (furan). This article aims to evaluate the health index, estimate the remaining life and detect potential transformer failures. The test data used was obtained from two transformers at a biodiesel producing company in Indonesia, such as Dissolved Gas Analysis, Breakdown Voltage, Water Content, Acid, Interfacial Tension and 2 Fal (furan) tests. The method used in the diagnosis of transformer health conditions is the transformer health index method and analysis of potential failures based on the evaluation of Total Dissolved Combustible Gas, Roger's Ratio and Duval's Triangle. The results show that both transformers are in a healthy condition with a health index of 72% and 89%, which fall into the “Good” and “Very Good” categories, and the estimated operational life is more than 10 years and 15 years, respectively. However, the failure analysis results indicated an overheating failure with a temperature exceeding 700 ºC. Although the overall transformer condition is still good, preventive maintenance measures are still recommended to avoid more serious damage in the future Abstrak Transformator merupakan salah satu aset penting yang kondisi kesehatannya perlu dipantau untuk menjaga keandalan operasi dan mencegah kegagalan. Pemantauan dan pengujian secara berkala dapat dilakukan terhadap minyak transfomator dan isolasi kertas (furan). Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi indeks kesehatan, estimasi sisa umur dan mendeteksi potensi kegagalan transformator. Data pengujian yang digunakan diperoleh dari dua transformator di sebuah perusahaan penghasil biodiesel di Indonesia yaitu data hasil pengujian Dissolved Gas Analysis, Breakdown Voltage, Water Content, Acid, Interfacial Tension serta 2 Fal (furan). Metode yang digunakan dalam diagnosis kondisi kesehatan transformator adalah metode indeks kesehatan transformator serta analisis potensi kegagalan berdasarkan evaluasi Total Dissolved Combustible Gas, Roger’s Ratio dan Duval’s Triangle. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kedua transformator berada dalam kondisi sehat dengan indeks kesehatan 72% dan 89%, yang termasuk kategori “Baik” dan “Sangat Baik”, serta estimasi umur operasional masing-masing lebih dari 10 tahun dan 15 tahun. Namun demikian, hasil analisis kegagalan mengindikasikan adanya kegagalan overheating dengan suhu melebihi 700 ºC. Meskipun kondisi keseluruhan transformator masih baik, tindakan pemeliharaan preventif tetap direkomendasikan untuk menghindari kerusakan yang lebih serius dimasa mendatang.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MOTHER WAVELET FOR VOLTAGE SAG AND SWELL CLASSIFICATION USING DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM (DWT) AND RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK (RBFNN) Nurhalim; Fera Gustia Handayani; Antonius Rajagukguk; Iswadi Hasyim Rosma; Edy Ervianto
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i2.35672

Abstract

Power quality disturbances, such as voltage sag and swell, can lead to system instability and equipment damage. In this study, identification is defined as the process of detecting the presence and characteristics of these disturbances through time-frequency feature extraction using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). A Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) is then employed as the classification method to determine the specific type of disturbance (sag or swell).The need for an automated identification and classification system arises because manual monitoring is slow and subjective, whereas industrial applications require rapid decisions based on measurable metrics. The disturbance dataset, specifically comprising voltage sag and voltage swell, was generated through modeling and simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. Features were extracted from the disturbance signals by decomposing them up to 7 levels with the DWT, using four different Mother Wavelets: Daubechies-4 (db4), Haar, Symlet-4 (sym4), and Coiflet-4 (coif4). These feature datasets were then normalized and divided into training, validation, and testing sets to train and evaluate the RBFNN model. Performance was assessed based on Mean Squared Error (MSE), classification accuracy, and the confusion matrix as objective success criteria. The results indicate that all models successfully achieved an MSE below 10-5 and 100% accuracy on the test data, signifying a very low error rate. The model utilizing the Haar wavelet demonstrated the best training efficiency, requiring the fewest epochs. Therefore, this combination is highly recommended for practical power quality monitoring applications Abstrak Gangguan kualitas daya , seperti Voltage Sag, dan Swell, dapat menyebabkan ketidakstabilan sistem dan kerusakan pada peralatan. Identifikasi pada penelitian ini didefenisikan sebagai proses mendeteksi keberadaan dan karakteristik gangguan melalui ekstraksi fitur waktu- frekuensi menggunakan Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) dan Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) sebagai metode klasifikasi untuk proses menentukan jenis gangguan (sag dan swell). Kebutuhan akan sistem identifikasi dan klasifikasi otomatis diperlukan karena pemantauan manual bersifat lambat dan subjektif, sementara industri memerlukan keputusan cepat berbasis metrik yang terukur. Dataset gangguan, yang secara spesifik mencakup Voltage Sag dan Voltage Swell, dihasilkan melalui pemodelan dan simulasi dengan perangkat lunak MATLAB/Simulink. Fitur dari sinyal gangguan ini diekstraksi dari dekomposisi Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) hingga 7 level, dengan empat variasi Mother Wavelet (Daubechies-4, Haar, Symlet-4, dan Coiflet-4). Data fitur tersebut kemudian dinormalisasi dan dibagi menjadi data training, validation dan testing, untuk melatih dan menguji model RBFNN, yang kinerjanya dievaluasi berdasarkan Mean Squared Error (MSE), akurasi klasifikasi dan confusion matrix sebagai kriteria objektif keberhasilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua model berhasil mencapai MSE di bawah 10⁻⁵ dan akurasi 100% pada data uji, yang mengindikasikan tingkat kesalahan sangat rendah. Model berbasis wavelet Haar menunjukkan efisiensi pelatihan terbaik dengan jumlah epoch paling sedikit. Oleh karena itu, kombinasi ini sangat direkomendasikan untuk aplikasi pemantauan kualitas daya
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EARLY DETECTION SYSTEM FOR GAS TURBINE OIL LEAKS USING FUZZY LOGIC AND IOT Erwin Dhaniswara; Farid Budianto Putra; Dwi Taufik Hidayat; Eddy Lybrech Talakua; Tamaji
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i2.35674

Abstract

The gas turbine is one of the primary energy sources with high efficiency, where the lubrication system plays a crucial role in maintaining mechanical reliability and reducing operational risks. Oil leakage in the cooling tower can lead to overheating, reduced machine efficiency, and environmental contamination. This study aims to design an early detection system for oil leakage in a gas turbine cooling tower using fuzzy logic and the Internet of Things (IoT). The system integrates a photodiode sensor to detect light intensity changes and a DS18B20 temperature sensor, processed through an ESP32 microcontroller and displayed on an IoT-based real-time monitoring dashboard using MQTT protocol and Node-RED. The fuzzy Sugeno method classifies leakage levels into Normal, Light, Medium, and Severe categories based on the sensor readings. Laboratory testing shows that the photodiode sensor has a maximum deviation of 1.8%, while the temperature sensor error is 0.43%. The developed system successfully detects oil leakage concentration changes with latency under one second and provides accurate alerts through the IoT dashboard. This research contributes to preventive maintenance in industrial environments by enabling early oil leak detection, minimizing repair costs, and reducing environmental risks. Abstrak Turbin gas merupakan salah satu sumber tenaga utama dengan efisiensi tinggi, di mana sistem pelumasan berperan penting untuk menjaga keandalan mekanis dan mengurangi risiko operasional. Kebocoran minyak pelumas pada cooling tower dapat menyebabkan overheating, penurunan efisiensi mesin, dan pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang sistem deteksi dini kebocoran minyak pelumas pada cooling tower mesin gas turbin berbasis logika fuzzy dan Internet of Things (IoT). Sistem ini mengintegrasikan sensor photodioda untuk mendeteksi perubahan intensitas cahaya dan sensor suhu DS18B20, yang diproses oleh mikrokontroler ESP32 serta ditampilkan melalui dashboard pemantauan real-time berbasis IoT menggunakan protokol MQTT dan Node-RED. Metode fuzzy Sugeno digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan tingkat kebocoran menjadi Normal, Ringan, Sedang, dan Parah berdasarkan pembacaan sensor. Pengujian laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa sensor photodioda memiliki deviasi maksimum sebesar 1,8%, sedangkan sensor suhu memiliki error sebesar 0,43%. Sistem yang dikembangkan berhasil mendeteksi perubahan konsentrasi minyak dengan latency kurang dari satu detik dan memberikan peringatan akurat melalui dashboard IoT. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada peningkatan pemeliharaan preventif di lingkungan industri dengan memungkinkan deteksi dini kebocoran minyak pelumas, mengurangi biaya perbaikan, dan menekan risiko pencemaran lingkungan
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF OVERVOLTAGE CUTTING BY LIGHTNING ARRESTER DUE TO LIGHTNING INDUCTION Kurniawan Ali Male; Lanto Mohamad Kamil Amali; Yasin Mohamd; Nova Elysia Ntobuo
TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Vol 27 No 2 (2025): TESLA : Jurnal Teknik Elektro
Publisher : Universitas Tarumanagara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24912/tesla.v27i2.35675

Abstract

Lightning disturbances often cause induced overvoltages on 20 kV medium voltage distribution overhead lines, which can shorten equipment life and trigger power outages. This study aims to evaluate the cutting performance of two types of lightning arresters made of ceramic and polymer in reducing lightning-induced voltage surges through high-voltage impulse testing in the laboratory. The tests replicated standard impulse waves and were conducted in stages at 20 kV, 30 kV, 40 kV, and 50 kV levels, with each level repeated several times for data reliability. The main parameters analyzed included the measured peak voltage, response time (μs), and the cutting percentage compared to unprotected conditions, based on validated oscilloscope readings (time/div and volt/div). The results showed that both arresters reduced the induced voltage in most test scenarios, with the highest effectiveness occurring at 30 kV impulses. Quantitatively, ceramic arresters achieve a cutoff of 0.39–4.17 V (2.27–22.3%), while polymer arresters achieve 1.46–4.67 V (8.44–24.97%), and at 20 kV no significant cutoff is observed. In general, the performance of polymer lighting arresters is better than ceramic lighting arresters, which indicates the ability of polymer materials and housing designs to maintain lower residual voltages when facing fast transients Abstrak Gangguan petir seringkali menimbulkan tegangan lebih terinduksi pada saluran udara distribusi tegangan menengah 20 kV yang berakibat memperpendek umur peralatan dan memicu pemadaman listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja pemotongan dua tipe lightning arrester berbahan keramik dan berbahan polimer dalam mereduksi lonjakan tegangan akibat induksi petir melalui pengujian impuls tegangan tinggi di laboratorium. Pengujian mereplikasi gelombang impuls standar dan dilakukan bertingkat pada level 20 kV, 30 kV, 40 kV, dan 50 kV dimana setiap level diulang beberapa kali untuk reliabilitas data. Parameter utama yang dianalisis meliputi tegangan puncak terukur, respons waktu (μs), serta persentase pemotongan terhadap kondisi tanpa proteksi, berdasarkan pembacaan osiloskop yang telah divalidasi (time/div dan volt/div). Hasil menunjukkan kedua arrester menurunkan tegangan induksi pada sebagian besar skenario uji, dengan efektivitas tertinggi muncul pada impuls 30 kV. Secara kuantitatif, arrester keramik mencapai pemotongan 0,39–4,17 V (2,27–22,3%), sedangkan arrester polimer 1,46–4,67 V (8,44–24,97%) dan pada tegangan 20 kV tidak teramati pemotongan berarti. Secara umum kinerja lighting arrester polimer lebih baik dibandingkan lighting arrester berbahan keramik, yang mengindikasikan kemampuan material dan rancangan housing polimer untuk menjaga tegangan residual lebih rendah saat menghadapi transien cepat

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