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IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)
Published by Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
ISSN : 20894872     EISSN : 22528938     DOI : -
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Computer Science & IT Engineering
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) publishes articles in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). The scope covers all artificial intelligence area and its application in the following topics: neural networks; fuzzy logic; simulated biological evolution algorithms (like genetic algorithm, ant colony optimization, etc); reasoning and evolution; intelligence applications; computer vision and speech understanding; multimedia and cognitive informatics, data mining and machine learning tools, heuristic and AI planning strategies and tools, computational theories of learning; technology and computing (like particle swarm optimization); intelligent system architectures; knowledge representation; bioinformatics; natural language processing; multiagent systems; etc.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 1,893 Documents
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Zoneout regularization-gated recurrent unit algorithm on NIDS with class imbalance handling Kariyappa, Mala; Hanumanthappa Rangappa, Manjunath; Dasappa, Venugopal; Hebbur Satyanarayana, Gururaja; Keshava Rao, Girish; Thahniyath, Gousia
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1505-1512

Abstract

Network intrusion detection system (NIDS) is primarily utilized tool to identify malicious threats on the network. It plays an essential role in safeguarding against an increasing variety of attacks and ensures enhanced security for the network. The existing model struggled to handle the imbalance of class issues during the process of classification due to their biased nature, which reduced the performance of the algorithm. In this paper, the zoneout regularization–gated recurrent unit (ZR-GRU) algorithm is developed to detect and classify intrusions in the network. Incorporating the ZR into GRU reduces overfitting by preventing the model from becoming overly dependent on specific features. It provides good generalization by maintaining diversity in learned representation. Synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and Near Miss methods are utilized to balance the samples in the dataset, which helps to increase the performance of a classifier in NIDS. The ZR-GRU technique attained 99.91% accuracy on UNSW-NB15, 99.92% accuracy on CIC-IDS2018, and 99.14% accuracy on CIC-DDoS2019 when comparing with a convolutional neural network bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM).
Enhanced VGG-19 model for rice plant disease detection and classification Win, Aye Thida; Soe, Khin Mar; Lwin, Myint Myint
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1691-1700

Abstract

Rice is the main staple food and rice farming plays a crucial role in the agriculture sector of Myanmar. It is also an essential pillar in generating foreign income. However, rice diseases seriously reduced the rice production and quality. Early detection of rice diseases is one of the effective ways to reduce the disease spreading and increase yields. Most Myanmar farmers detect rice diseases based on visual judgment and their experience, which leads to delay in taking efficient action. To overcome this challenge, we intend to propose an enhanced rice plant disease classification model that contributes as artificial intelligence (AI) in Myanmar agriculture sector. The proposed model enhances original visual geometry group 19 (VGG-19) by integrating the algorithms: mixture of Gaussians 2 (MOG2), GrabCut, and relevance estimation with linear feature (RELIEF) for classification. It was trained on 6,326 rice plant images of Kaggle and Eastern Shan State and validated using 5-fold nested cross-validation. The training and testing of proposed model are followed as 80:20. The proposed model experimental result is (98.3%) and lowest standard deviation (0.004) across seven classes than the original VGG-19, MobileNet, Efficient Net, and RestNet50 respectively. Future work will expand dataset diversity, enhance early-stage disease prediction, and support mobile diagnostics for real-world agricultural application.
RBC_Frame_Net: a hybrid deep learning framework for detection of red blood cells in malaria diagnostic smear P., Muhammad Shameem; Balakrishnan, Mathiarasi
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1486-1496

Abstract

Malaria continues to pose a major global health threat, especially in areas where timely and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. Conventional diagnostic techniques, such as manually examining Giemsa stained blood smears, are often time-intensive, laborious, and susceptible to human error. To overcome these challenges, this study presents red blood cell frame network (RBC_Frame_Net), a novel deep-learning framework that combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with transformer based architectures, augmented by attention mechanisms, for the automated identification of RBCs in malaria smear images. The framework leverages the convolutional block attention modules (CBAM)-UNet model for segmentation, enhancing both spatial and channel features through CBAM and integrates the detection transformer (DETR) to accurately detect and classify RBCs within the diagnostic images. The model achieved outstanding performance with a segmentation intersection over union (IoU) of 0.97, a Dice coefficient of 0.98, and near-perfect detection results (precision: 0.999, recall: 0.998, and mean average precision (mAP): 0.995). When compared to leading models such as YOLOv8, faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN), and EfficientDet-D3, and RBC_Frame_Net demonstrated superior accuracy and robustness. The inclusion of attention mechanisms and a hybrid architecture enhance its adaptability, making it well-suited for deployment in real-world, resource limited environments and positioning it as a valuable asset in automated malaria diagnostics.
Evaluating document chunking approaches for retrieval augmented generation in editorial content Lavarec, Erwann; Du, Yu
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1909-1918

Abstract

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems promise grounded answers from large language models (LLMs), yet performance depends critically on how source documents are segmented before indexing. This study investigates how pre-index chunking strategies affect both retrieval accuracy and answer quality in domain-specific scenarios. We curated a corpus on software-as-a-service (SaaS) editorial content and constructed a high-quality evaluation dataset containing 2,419 question-answer (QA) pairs generated through automated prompting and quality control. We compared four chunking approaches, including fixed-size, structure-aware recursive, semantic, and LLM-based methods. Our evaluation protocol assessed retrieval through document localization, semantic similarity, and context relevance, while generation quality was evaluated using chain-of-thought (CoT) criteria driven by judgments from LLMs. Results demonstrate that recursive chunking consistently outperforms other approaches across all metrics. Smaller chunks improve document localization, while moderately larger chunks enhance semantic alignment and generation scores. LLM based chunking variants show competitive performance but do not exceed top recursive configurations on the dataset. These findings indicate that preserving document structure through recursive chunking is beneficial for practical RAG implementations, providing actionable guidance for chunk size selection while highlighting token-budget constraints in current long context models.
Identification of chemical markers for species differentiation in Aquilaria essential oils using self-organizing maps Noramli, Nur Athirah Syafiqah; Roslan, Muhammad Ikhsan; Ahmad Sabri, Noor Aida Syakira; Ismail, Nurlaila; Mohd Yusoff, Zakiah; Taib, Mohd Nasir
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1339-1348

Abstract

This study analyzes the chemical diversity of essential oils from four Aquilaria species, A. beccariana, A. malaccensis, A. crassna, and A. subintegra, which are important sources of agarwood used in perfumery and traditional medicine. Despite their economic and ecological value, the chemical profiles of these species remain insufficiently characterized, hindering accurate species differentiation and resource management. This research aims to identify distinctive chemical patterns to improve species classification. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were employed to analyze complex chemical composition data and to identify significant compounds responsible for species separation. The analysis revealed several compounds with strong discriminatory power and species-specific distribution patterns, with compounds C, D, and E identified as the most significant markers. These findings demonstrate substantial biochemical diversity among Aquilaria species and confirm the effectiveness of SOM for essential oil profiling. The results support improved species identification and have important implications for ecological conservation, sustainable agarwood management, and pharmacological development.
Fetal organ detection using feature enhancement with attention and residual block Bernolian, Nuswil; Nurmaini, Siti; Sapitri, Ade Iriani; Darmawahyuni, Annisa; Rachmatullah, Muhammad Naufal; Tutuko, Bambang; Firdaus, Firdaus
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1593-1604

Abstract

The rapid advancements in fetal ultrasonography have significantly enhanced prenatal diagnosis in recent years. Deep learning (DL) architectures have further streamlined the process of organ detection, improved diagnostic accuracy, and reduced observer dependency. This study proposes a computer-aided DL approach for fetal organ segmentation using the you only look once (YOLO) algorithm, a state-of-the-art method for object detection and image segmentation. This study identified and classified 15 fetal organs, including the umbilical vein, stomach, abdomen, brain (trans-cerebellum, trans-thalamic, and trans-ventricular regions), femur, head, thorax (chest cavity), heart (circumference, left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle), and aorta. We compared the performance of YOLOv7, YOLOv8, YOLOv9, and YOLOv11 architectures. The results showed that YOLOv9 outperformed YOLOv7, YOLOv8, and YOLOv11 achieving mAP50 and mAP95 scores of 91.90% and 94.50%, respectively. This performance surpasses previous studies that focused on classifying only a limited number of fetal organs.
Semantic-syntactic graph network for aspect-based sentiment analysis Bdurga Harish, Rekha; Siddalingaiah, Neelambike
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1814-1824

Abstract

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a fine-grained sentiment analysis task that identifies sentiment polarities toward specific aspects within a sentence. While conventional models have achieved progress, they often neglect to jointly consider both semantic context and syntactic structure, limiting performance in complex linguistic scenarios. Nevertheless, most existing graph convolutional network (GCN)-based approaches have recently focused on either semantic or syntactic information individually, leading to suboptimal sentiment classification accuracy. Hence, this work aims to design an effective ABSA model that simultaneously captures both semantic relationships and syntactic dependencies for enhanced aspect-level sentiment analysis. For solving issues of GCN-based approaches, this work proposed a model called sentiment semantic syntactic network (SentSemSynNet), which constructs a unified graph by integrating semantic and syntactic features and applies graph neural networks to learn rich, aspect-specific representations. The model was evaluated on the SemEval2014 restaurant and laptop datasets. It achieved 88.25% accuracy and 82.95% macro-F-score for restaurant, and 84.52% accuracy and 80.26% macro-F-score for laptop. The model’s unique integration of both semantic and syntactic importance through a unified graph structure improved sentiment detection accuracy.
Session click sentiment behavior aware personalized recommendations system Suresh, Suraj Bevinahalli; Cheluvegowda, Padma Muthalambikashettahally
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1539-1547

Abstract

Session-based recommendations use short-term behavior of users to provide personalized suggestions to consumers in ecommerce platform. However, cold start, considering newly joined users and sparsity issues, where not enough short-term behavior is available, and the performance of traditional session-based recommendations is significantly impacted. Deep learning (DL) like recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory networks (LSTMs), and graph neural networks (GNNs) have been employed to capture session-clicks and enhance product recommendation accuracy. However, the current method is significantly affected due to the gradient descent problem in meeting convergence for top-K product recommendation. Further, the current method failed to capture product sentiment for session-clicks between inter-session and intra-session clicks. In addressing the research problems, the current research work introduced a session click sentiment behavior aware (SCSBA) personalized recommendation system using novel inter and intra session (IIS)-LSTM model. Finally, the objective function to recommend top K items to users is done using optimized Bayesian personalized ranking (OBPR) algorithm. Experiment outcome shows the SCSBA model achieves much better performance than state of art model, considering standard Tmall dataset.
Development of rough set based machine learning approach to screen breast cancer Sivakumar, Sangeetha; Sathish, Shakeela; Datta, Debabrata
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1982-1998

Abstract

One of the major causes of death for women is breast cancer. A substantial number of women diagnosed with breast cancer die due to inaccuracies in diagnosis and delays in treatment. Cancer prediction must be accurate in order to improve treatment quality and patient survival rates. This study evaluates logistic regression (LR), decision tree algorithm (DTA), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) (AB ensemble learning algorithm) in conjunction with rough set theory (RST) to enhance breast cancer classification using the Wisconsin diagnosis breast cancer dataset (WDBC). By employing rough set approximations, including the upper and lower bounds of features, this study introduces a novel rough AdaBoost (Rough AB) algorithm to improve classification accuracy. Various performance indices are compared across algorithms. The proposed Rough AB algorithm demonstrated superior performance, particularly in prediction accuracy for both benign and malignant cases. It incorporates roughness to determine the starting node of the decision stump, offering a significant improvement in ensemble learning techniques for medical diagnostics. It gives practical implications for clinical decision-making, potentially enabling more reliable and timely breast cancer diagnoses, which can significantly impact patient outcomes. The proposed method leverages rough set approximations to refine feature selection and improve prediction accuracy. Also, it positions RST as an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) technique, highlighting its interpretability, ethical transparency, and potential integration with deep learning for clinical deployment.
Intelligent self-organizing microservice composition using hybrid learning for neonatal ward Poornima, Sharon; Immanuel V, Ashok
IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Vol 15, No 2: April 2026
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v15.i2.pp1097-1108

Abstract

This research presents an innovative self-organizing microservice composition model specifically tailored for dynamic and time-sensitive healthcare environments such as Neonatal Intensive Care Units(NICU). A hybrid machine learning classifier detects neonatal conditions and assigns treatment plans based on real-time vitals. The composition process is guided by a deep learning agent that combines unsupervised and reinforcement learning to develop intelligent bonding strategies. Microservices act as autonomous agents, supporting decentralised service choreography within the self-organizing framework. The bonding strategies of direct bonding and shared bonding are implemented for single conditions and coexisting conditions, respectively. The simulation results are based on actual NICU data, demonstrating the ability of the model to dynamically compose services while ensuring optimal resource utilisation. The model demonstrates an adaptive and dynamic composition through emergence and continuous learning for changing clinical conditions, and demonstrates emergent behaviour through reinforcement learning. The model’s predictive capabilities enable anticipatory service loading, providing context-aware treatment in critical healthcare scenarios. This self-organizing architecture model offers a scalable and robust solution for autonomous, decentralised service choreography in critical healthcare environments.

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