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Asian Journal of Agriculture
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25804537     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Aims and Scope Asian Journal of Agriculture encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management.
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Articles 178 Documents
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A comprehensive assessment of phenotypic diversity, multivariate relationships, and trait associations in wild oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) collections in Ghana DICKSON OSEI DARKWAH; DANIEL AGYEI-DWARKO; SAMUEL ADU OSEI; BRIGHT FIAWONA; SAMUEL BANAFO; JOHNNY OSSOM SACKITEY; ENOCH SAPEY
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100173

Abstract

Abstract. Darkwah DO, Agyei-Dwarko D, Osei SA, Fiawona B, Banafo S, Sackitey JO, Sapey E. 2026. A comprehensive assessment of phenotypic diversity, multivariate relationships, and trait associations in wild oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) collections in Ghana. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100173. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100173. The CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute in Ghana conserves 135 wild oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) accessions in its ex-situ gene bank. Due to the narrow genetic base of current Deli dura breeding populations, this study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic diversity and breeding potential of these accessions using multivariate analysis. An augmented experimental design with two replicated Deli dura checks was used to assess 25 agro-morphological traits. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and Pearson’s correlation in R software. Significant variation was observed among accessions for 20 traits. High genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance as percentage of mean were recorded for fresh fruit bunch yield (25.42%, 90.76%, 49.96%), bunch number (24.32%, 80.18%, 44.92%), and average bunch weight (20.01%, 83.44%, 37.70%). Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into four major clusters independent of geographic origin. Seven principal components with eigenvalues greater than one explained 82.66% of the total phenotypic variation, while both positive and negative trait associations were observed. The findings reveal substantial phenotypic diversity among Ghanaian wild oil palm collections, highlighting their potential for breeding, genetic base broadening, germplasm conservation, and future core collection development, pending validation with molecular markers.
Oil palm seedling growth in media amended with fifty percent dairy farm effluent compost under reduced fertiliser input MOHD. RASHID MOHD. RAKIB; NUR AAINAA HASBULLAH; CLAMENT FUI SEUNG CHIN; BORHAN ABDUL HAYA; N. J. MAYZAITUL-AZWA; SITI SULIZA SALAMAT; NOR JAWAHIR ABU; KHIM PHIN CHONG; S. SYAMSIA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100174

Abstract

Abstract. Rakib MRM, Hasbullah NA, Chin CFS, Haya BA, Mayzaitul-Azwa NJ, Salamat SS, Abu NJ, Chong KP, Syamsia S. 2026. Oil palm seedling growth in media amended with fifty percent dairy farm effluent compost under reduced fertiliser input. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100174. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100174. Conventional oil palm nursery practices rely heavily on mineral fertilisers, which promote short-term growth but cause adverse environmental impacts. Organic amendments in planting media have the potential to sustain seedling development while reducing dependence on mineral fertilisers. This study evaluated the growth and biomass accumulation of oil palm seedlings at the main nursery stage by amending Dairy Farm Effluent Compost (DFEC) to planting media under reduced mineral fertiliser input. Three-month-old seedlings were transplanted into either 100% mineral soil or a 1:1 mixture of mineral soil and DFEC, with varying mineral fertiliser rates. Treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Ten replications (n = 10) were used for non-destructive measurements, while five randomly selected seedlings per treatment (n = 5) were used for destructive biomass and root assessments at nine months after transplanting. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Seedlings grown in DFEC-amended media exhibited significantly greater height and bole circumference compared to those in 100% mineral soil with full-rate fertiliser application. Frond production (14-16 fronds) and root numbers (15-24 primary roots) did not differ significantly among treatments. However, dry matter accumulation in fronds and stems was markedly higher in DFEC-amended seedlings, irrespective of fertiliser application, suggesting that DFEC amendment alone was able to sustain seedling growth under the conditions tested. Notably, addition of 50% DFEC to the mineral soil, either with half-rate mineral fertiliser or without fertiliser performed as well as or better than the 100% mineral soil with full-rate fertiliser, in terms of plant height, bole circumference, and fronds, stem and total dry biomass. The findings indicate that dairy farm effluent compost can potentially serve as a sustainable amendment in oil palm nursery systems, providing agronomic benefits while supporting nutrient recycling and reducing the environmental footprint of early-stage cultivation.
Determinants of sustainable integrated cattle-rice farming systems in Indonesia AFRIZAL MALIK; AGUS SETIADI; JOKO MARIYONO; SUTARYO SUTARYO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100168

Abstract

Abstract. Malik A, Setiadi A, Mariyono J, Sutaryo S. 2026. Determinants of sustainable integrated cattle-rice farming systems in Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100168. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100168. The Agricultural System Integrated Cattle-Rice Farming (ASICRF) represents a strategic approach to promoting sustainable agricultural development through the optimization of local resource utilization and the improvement of farm performance. This study employs a Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) approach to examine the determinants of ASICRF sustainability within a performance-mediated framework. Data were collected from 280 farmers practicing ASICRF across four major rice and cattle (Bos indicus) production districts in Central Java Province, Indonesia. In the proposed model, sustainability is specified as the endogenous variable, system performance as the mediating variable, and technical production practices, farm economics, institutional systems, and environmental and resource factors as exogenous variables. The results indicate strong explanatory power, with R2 values of 0.709 for system performance and 0.742 for system sustainability. Technical production practices, institutional systems, and environmental and resource factors significantly and positively affect system performance, with environmental and resource factors exerting the strongest influence. In contrast, farm economics does not significantly affect system performance. System performance is confirmed as a key mediating variable linking upstream determinants to sustainability outcomes. These findings suggest that sustainability in ASICRF is closely associated with improvements in overall system performance rather than relying solely on technical or economic inputs. In the context of ASICRF, sustainability may reflect farmers’ perceived ability to continuously adopt the system, use resources more efficiently, maintain stable productivity, and generate long-term farm income. However, these results should be interpreted with caution because they are based on self-reported perceptual data from ASICRF farmers selected using non-probability sampling methods. Overall, the study provides empirical insight that may inform the design of context-specific policies and development strategies aimed at strengthening the long-term sustainability of integrated farming systems.
Enhancing germination performance and vigor of lettuce and napa cabbage seeds through simple seed priming techniques under controlled conditions ROFIQOH PURNAMA RIA; FITRA FADHILAH RIZAR; DEDIK BUDAINTA; MARLIN SEFRILA; FITRA GUSTIAR
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100175

Abstract

Abstract. Ria RP, Rizar FF, Budainta D, Sefrila M, Gustiar F. 2026. Enhancing germination performance and vigor of lettuce and napa cabbage seeds through simple seed priming techniques under controlled conditions. Asian J Agric 10: g100175. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100175. Introduced leafy vegetable seeds marketed for urban farming are often subjected to prolonged storage and suboptimal handling before use, which may reduce seed vigor, delay germination, and lead to non-uniform seedling emergence. This study evaluated simple seed priming treatments to improve germination performance in four commercial leafy vegetable seed types: butterhead lettuce, red romaine lettuce, green lettuce, and napa cabbage. The experiment was conducted in September 2025 at the Seed Technology Laboratory, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indonesia, using a factorial completely randomized design. Seeds were subjected to four treatments: untreated control, warm water priming at 60°C for 15 minutes, 60% shallot extract for 30 minutes, and 70% coconut water for 30 minutes. Germination percentage was recorded every 6 hours (h) for 48 h, and physiological parameters, including T50, Mean Germination Time, Germination Index, Vigor Index, Relative Germination Index (RGI), and shoot emergence percentage, were calculated. Warm water reduced T50 to 18.48 h and shallot extract to 19.38 h, compared with 36.69 h in the control, indicating faster germination. These findings indicate that warm water and shallot extract are promising simple priming methods for improving the laboratory germination performance of commercial leafy vegetable seeds, although validation under nursery or field conditions is still needed.
Plant-based elicitor improves nutrient efficiency and sustains rice yield under reduced fertilizer in a one-season field study HARWANTO HARWANTO; ENY WAHYUNING PURWANTI; JOKO GAGUNG SUNARYONO; NIKEN RANI WANDANSARI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100179

Abstract

Abstract. Harwanto, Purwanti EW, Sunaryono JG, Wandansari NR. 2026. Plant-based elicitor improves nutrient efficiency and sustains rice yield under reduced fertilizer in a one-season field study. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100179. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100179. Excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers raises environmental concerns and reduces long-term soil fertility. A plant-based elicitor containing bioactive compounds (flavonoids, phenols, tannins) and phytohormones (IAA, cytokinins, gibberellins) such as Biosaka, has been promising elicitors to enhance nutrient efficiency and crop resilience. A field experiment was conducted in East Java, Indonesia, using a randomized block design with five treatments: 100% inorganic fertilizer (control), 100% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka, 75% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka, 50% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka, and 25% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka. Each treatment was replicated four times. Variables measured included plant growth, yield components, straw nutrient content (N, P, K), and soil chemical properties (pH, organic C, available N, P, K). The combination of 50% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka maintained straw nitrogen comparable to full fertilizer and resulted in higher straw phosphorus content. The combination of 100% inorganic fertilizer + Biosaka produced the highest straw Kalium (0.53%) and milled rice weight (454.41 g 2 m-2). Biosaka treatments were associated with higher soil pH (6.30), organic carbon (0.99%), and available N and K compared to non-Biosaka treatments. Biosaka supplements have not compensated for the nutrient deficiency in the treatments with excessive fertilizer reduction (≤25%). It resulted in lower nutrient content and reduced milled rice weight (265.09 g 2 m-2). This study provides novel evidence that integrating Biosaka treatment with 50% inorganic fertilizer can sustain rice yield equivalently to the conventional 100% inorganic fertilizer application.
Land-use conversion and rural income dynamics in rubber to oil palm transition in Riau Province, Indonesia, using a PSM-DID approach HEFFI CHRISTYA RAHAYU; ETTY PUJI LESTARI; AHMAD FATHONI; FEBIANA GITYA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100178

Abstract

Abstract. Rahayu HC, Lestari EP, Fathoni A, Gitya F. 2026. Land-use conversion and rural income dynamics in rubber to oil palm transition in Riau Province, Indonesia, using a PSM-DID approach. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100178. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100178. The prolonged decline in rubber prices has prompted farmers to shift their land to oil palm cultivation, despite its challenges (e.g., replanting requirements and price volatility). However, there is limited research on smallholder farmers, a vulnerable group that is often overlooked by the law. Therefore, this study attempts to fill the gaps by examining the causal effect of rubber to oil palm land conversion on annual household income among smallholder farmers in Riau Province, Indonesia. We observed and interviewed 206 farmers in Kampar and Rokan Hulu regencies in 2023-2024, and analysed the data using a Propensity Score Matching-Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) approach. For the analysis, the study period was divided into two phases: the pre-conversion period (around 2015, before the decline in rubber prices) and the post-conversion period (2021-2022). Propensity score matching was used prior to the DID analysis to ensure that the treatment and control groups were more comparable. The results show that households that converted their land from rubber to oil palm earned significantly higher incomes than comparable households that did not convert. On average, household income increased by approximately 38.5% following conversion. The results indicate that land conversion can bring substantial economic benefits to smallholders. At the same time, policymakers need to consider the environmental costs that may accompany these gains.
Compost maturity and plant response in community-based compost systems from Bali, Indonesia PUTU OKI BIMANTARA; I MADE ADNYANA; NI LUH KARTINI; I GUSTI NGURAH MADE PRABHASWARA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100176

Abstract

Abstract. Bimantara PO, Adnyana IM, Kartini NL, Prabhaswara IGNM. 2026. Compost maturity and plant response in community-based compost systems from Bali, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100176. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100176. This present study focused on determining the quality of compost, its maturity, and the reaction of plants to different types of compost produced by community-run and municipal waste disposal centers in Bali, Indonesia. Compost samples were gathered from four locations of waste disposal facilities, specifically from Panca Lestari, Padang Tegal, PDU DLHK Denpasar, and Kedonganan. The quality of compost was determined according to the SNI 19-7030-2004, consisting of organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, organic matter, pH, moisture, and physical aspects. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using Ipomoea reptans in factorial randomized block design with four levels of compost treatments, i.e., K0=control, K1=1.0 kg polybag-¹, K2=1.3 kg polybag-¹, and K3=1.6 kg polybag-¹. The data related to plant growth was analyzed using a Linear Mixed Model, while final biomass and post-harvest soil analysis were conducted using Factorial ANOVA. There were differences in the quality of compost from different sources. While Padang Tegal met all the SNI requirements, others failed to meet certain criteria including high levels of organic carbon, organic matter, pH value, C/N ratio, or foreign particles. Organic carbon ranged from 26.13% to 34.51%, total nitrogen from 0.72% to 2.84%, and C/N ratio from 11.67 to 47.55. Plant growth responses were strongly time-dependent. Compost dose significantly affected plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, whereas SPAD response was influenced by compost source and its interactions with dose and observation time. However, fresh and dry biomass were not significantly affected by compost source, dose, or their interaction. Post-harvest soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and C/N ratio were significantly affected by compost source, dose, and their interaction. These findings indicate that composts from local waste management facilities differ in quality and produce time-dependent soil-plant responses. Further studies with larger replication and direct measurements of nutrient dynamics are needed before broader agronomic recommendations can be made.
Compatibility-based selection of native fungi from oil palm empty fruit bunches for potential consortium development NURHAIDA WIDIANI; BAMBANG IRAWAN; ROCHMAH AGUSTRINA; ANDI SETIAWAN
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100169

Abstract

Abstract. Widiani N, Irawan B, Agustrina R, Setiawan A. 2026. Compatibility-based selection of native fungi from oil palm empty fruit bunches for potential consortium development. Asian J Agric 10 (1): g100169. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100169. Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are an abundant lignocellulosic biomass in tropical agroecosystems but remain underutilized due to their recalcitrant structure and slow natural decomposition. This study aimed to isolate native fungal strains from EFB and evaluate their compatibility as a basis for selecting candidates for microbial consortium development. Twelve fungal isolates were successfully obtained and morphologically characterized, predominantly belonging to the genus Aspergillus, with representatives of Penicillium and Mucor. Interactions among isolates were evaluated using a dual culture assay, revealing diverse compatibility patterns. Of the 50 pairings evaluated, 32% were classified as compatible, 24% as partially compatible, and 44% as incompatible, indicating that antagonistic interactions were prevalent among the isolates. To further investigate interaction dynamics, compatibility data were analyzed using Cooperativeness Scoring (CS), heatmap visualization, and network analysis. These approaches enabled a quantitative and structural assessment of interaction patterns, demonstrating that compatibility among isolates is selective rather than universal. Isolates such as BKR10, BKR2, and BKR3 showed relatively high compatibility and central positions within the interaction network, indicating their potential as candidates for consortium development based solely on compatibility metrics. However, it should be noted that this study was limited to in vitro interaction assays, and functional lignocellulose degradation was not evaluated. Therefore, the identified isolates should be regarded as preliminary candidates that require further functional validation. This study provides a systematic framework for compatibility-based selection of native fungal isolates associated with EFB.

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