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<![CDATA[Introducing Micro-hardness Test in Forensic Odontology as an Aid in Solving Crimes: Multidisciplinary Approach ]]>
<![CDATA[Kuldeep Singh Shekhawat1, Arunima Chauhan2, Manoj Varma3]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2745
<![CDATA[Background: Many studies have used dental radiography, light microscopy and electron microscopy to study the incinerated tooth for a possible estimation of temperature. However, no study so far has focused on measuring the change in hardness of dental hard tissue owing to higher temperatures. Objective: To introduce a novel method which may indicate the approximate temperature to which dental hard tissues (teeth) might have been exposed. Methods: We utilized Vickers hardness testing machine on a set of unrestored, non-carious extracted human teeth which were grouped and exposed to particular temperature of 200, 400, 600 and 800 degree Celsius respectively. Vickers Hardness Number (VHN) was obtained by measuring the diagonals formed after indentation at specific weight and time (constant) for all specimens in every group. Optical Photomicrography was used to view the enhanced images of indentation. The value was computed for all specimens in every group. Results: We observed overall reduction in VHN values with increase in specified temperature. VHN of enamel was limited to 200 and 400 degrees Celsius, whereas VHN for dentin greatly reduced at 600 and 800 degree Celsius by 10 times. Surprisingly, VHN values for enamel were higher for incinerated tooth (at 200 and 400 degrees Celsius) than VHN reported in literature for non-incinerated tooth. Conclusion: We suggest that micro-hardness test in forensic odontology is feasible and can be added in the list of already existing techniques for temperature estimation however, further experiments are recommended for its reproducibility.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of Plyometric Training on Vertical and Horizontal Jump in Recreational Athletes Indulging in Jumping Activities ]]>
<![CDATA[Prina Y. Patel1, Trupti Yadav2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2749
<![CDATA[Background: Plyometric training is effective to improve the performance of the athletes by increasing the speed power and ability to do the activity. Most of the recreational athletes have no idea about the proper training in the field and they are very prone to get injury. This study was designed to provide the proper training and prevent further injuries in the athletes. Objectives: To find out the effect of plyometric training on vertical jump height and horizontal jump height in recreational athletes indulging in jumping activities according to age, gender, body mass index and years of playing. Methodology: 61 subjects participated in this study according inclusion and exclusion criteria. Prior consent was taken. Pre and post assessment of the vertical and horizontal jump height was taken. The protocol was for 3 days per week for 6 weeks. Later evaluation and interpretation of data was done. Result: There is significant comparison between the pre and post treatment (p=<0.0001) of horizontal and vertical jump height. Even there is positive correlation of years of playing in week 6(p=0.58) for horizontal jump height and in week 6 (p=0.43) for vertical jump height. There is negative correlation of age in week 6(p=0.002) of horizontal jump height in week 6(p=0.31) of vertical jump height . Conculsion: This study concluded that the effect of plyometric training was seen in recreational atheletes indulging in jumping activities.]]>
<![CDATA[Risk factors in Implant Placement: A Retrospective Analysis ]]>
<![CDATA[Thilak Shetty1, Shobha Rodrigues2, Sharon Saldanha3, Umesh Pai3, Mahesh M3, Puneeth Hegde3, Manawar ]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2753
<![CDATA[Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence of implant failure and its associated risk factors using a single implant system in our clinical setting Method: Patients who received implant treatment with a single implant system (MIS, Confident India) at Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore from 2010 to 2016 were enrolled. The following data were collected for analysis: patient details, field of expertise to which the surgeon belonged ,diameter and length of the implant, The outcomes assessed were early or delayed failure on the basis of operator , implant, anatomy and patient related factors . Results: This study analyzed 363 implants in 327 patients, who comprised 136 females and 191 males and were followed up until failure was reported after implant placement. 22 implants failed prior to final prosthesis delivery (early implant failure), and 5 implants were lost after prosthesis delivery. Out of 363 implants 206 (57%) implants were placed by the Department of Prosthodontics, 77(21%) by the Department of Periodontics and 69 (19%) by the Department of Oral surgery and remaining were placed by a single Endodontist (3%) specialized in Implantology.. (9/206=4%) failures were reported from Prosthodontics and 18 (18/69=26%) failures from Oral Surgery No failures were reported from Periodontics and Endodontics. Conclusions: Prospective studies are warranted to further elucidate the factors contributing to implant failure. In the meantime, surgeons should receive appropriate training and carefully select the bone bed in order to minimize the risk of implant failure.]]>
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<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2756
<![CDATA[Effect of Upper Body Strength Training in Spatiotemporal Parameters of Gait In Individual with Thoracic Kyphosis ]]>
<![CDATA[Vinayak Sawant1, Poonam Patil 2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2758
<![CDATA[Background: The human spine is an integral part of the human body. Its function includes mobilizing the torso, controlling postural stability, transferring, loads from upper body to lower body, all of which is essential for the activity of daily living. Spine deformity affects spinal mobility and trunk balance, thus altering locomotion pattern during each step. Spinal deformity also alters the center of body mass (com) during gait which leads to gait abnormality. Exaggerated thoracic kyphosis is common in the elderly as there is age related increase in thoracic spine curvature. Generally, patients with thoracic kyphosis mostly have gait impairment with reduced movement in upper limb strength and muscle mass gets altered in upper limb. Objective: The objective of the study is to study the effect of upper body strength training on spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with thoracic kyphosis and to find out the effect of upper body strength program on gait parameters after thoracic kyphosis. Material and Method: In this interventional study a total of 25 individuals with in the age group of 20 to 50 years, were selected. Pre-test and post-test assessment was done using the outcome measures of flexi curve ruler to assess kyphosis index and spatiotemporal measurement. Exercises were administered for 6 weeks. Later, post-test assessment and statistical analysis was done to determine its significance. Results: According to the result, there was a considerable change in the stride length(p-value<0.0001) step length(p-value<0.0001) and cadence (p-value<0.0001). There was also a marked change in the kyphosis index. (p-value<0.0001). Conclusion: As per the result of this study, we conclude that the effect of upper body strength training on spatiotemporal parameters of gait in individuals with thoracic kyphosis was extremely significant.]]>
<![CDATA[Factors Related to Alzheimer’s Disease, Tau Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease: Possible Treatments for Tau Pathology ]]>
<![CDATA[Vityala Yethindra1, Narsimharaj Alenur2, Lakkam Saicharan3]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2759
<![CDATA[The Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein that acts as a three-dimensional “railroad tie” for the microtubule. Accumulation and Aggregation of the Tau is the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Risk factors like ApoE risk alleles, changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, and Kinases and phosphatases dysregulation have identified as the most critical factors. In Tau pathology, the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau appears as its accumulation in the affected neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurofibrillary Tangles has shown truncated tau in both Glu-391 and Asp-421. Truncated tau associated with apoptosis in cultured cells. All six molecules of tau are the hyperphosphorylated state in PHF. In AD, hyperphosphorylated tau is present as a cytosolic protein and PHF. Treatments related to tau pathology are under research. Tau phosphorylation inhibitors and Tau aggregation inhibitors tested in people with AD. In tau phosphorylation inhibitors, Lithium has multiple targets and inhibits GSK-3b, and in tau aggregation inhibitors, many drugs block aggregation of tau in cell-free conditions. Methylene blue has multiple targets; it slows disease progression. Tau pathology appears to be a primary cause of neurodegeneration in AD. Risk factors showed a relation between AD and Tau pathology clearly. Abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to AD, and truncated tau is the main finding in tau pathology. Tau phosphorylation inhibitors and Tau aggregation inhibitors are emerging treatments.]]>
<![CDATA[Association between Running Activity and Pronated Foot Posture in East Java Puslatda Athletes ]]>
<![CDATA[Yani Christina1, Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani1, Bayu Santoso1]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2762
<![CDATA[Background: Athlete begins intense exercise at a young age when the musculoskeletal system is still immature, thus it has the potential to cause specific changes in body. A more pronated foot have a greater mobility in both lateral medial plane and vertical plane. Hyperpronated foot allegedly can increase injury risk because it will cause a great moment of force and instability. The research aimed to determine correlation between running activity and pronated foot posture, and to obtain foot posture description of East Java puslatda athletes during running activity in their exercise. Methods: The research employed cross sectional design using 75 athletes, consisting of 43 athletes who run more than 20 km per week and 32 athletes who run less than 20 km per week. The research variables were running activity obtained from questionnaire and foot posture obtained from the Foot Posture Index examination. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital (Surabaya, Indonesia). Results: The subjects’ demographic data characteristics based on age and exercise duration showed no difference between the two sample groups. On the other hand, the research found a significant difference between age (p = 0.001) and body mass index (p = 0.049). There was no significant correlation between running activity and pronated foot posture, with p = 0.293. Conclusion: The study found that running activity more than 20 km per week had no correlation with pronated foot percentage. Pronated foot posture was commonly found in the sample group with running activity more than 20 km per week, but it was not statistically significant.]]>
<![CDATA[Morphometry Study on Thoracic Vertebrae Pedicle with Computed Tomography Scan in Population of Surabaya, Indonesia ]]>
<![CDATA[Yoki Surya1, I Ketut Martiana1]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2763
<![CDATA[The fixation technique with pedicle screw is widely used for stabilization as well as deformity correction. However, data on vertebral morphometry have not been obtained. Most previous studies were conducted on the Caucasian race and slightly in the Asian race considering that there was a significant difference in pedicle morphometry of vertebrae between races and age. The objective to examine the morphometry of the thoracic vertebral pedicle in young adult population of Surabaya, comparing with the pedicle morphometry in the overseas population. The method we collected patients’ data of thorax CT Scan in Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital and Airlangga Hospital Surabaya. Patients with spinal deformities including congenital abnormalities, trauma, infection, and tumors were excluded. The variables to be measured were pedicle diameter (Pedicle width), pedicle depth to anterior cortex corpus vertebrae (Cord Length), and transverse pedicle angle. The result CT scan data collected was 123 consisting of 56 males and 67 females with an average age of 18.1 years old. The average pedicle width, cord length, and transverse pedicle angle in Surabaya population differed significantly from the Caucasian population of the previous study. Conclusion there were no significant differences in transverse pedicle angle between males and females. There was no significant difference in morphometric data compared to the Asian population.]]>
<![CDATA[Awareness about Whole Slide Imaging and Digital Pathology among Pathologists - Cross Sectional Survey ]]>
<![CDATA[Sandhya Sundar1, Pratibha Ramani2, Herald J Sherlin3, Gheena Ranjith3, Abilasha Ramasubramani4, Gifr]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2768
<![CDATA[Aim: To assess awareness of pathologists on whole slide imaging and digital pathology Method: An online, structured questionnaire was sent to pathologists of various dental and medical colleges in Chennai. The data was collected using Microsoft excel version 2011 and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results: 28.6% of pathologists were only aware of the fact that whole slide imaging can perform a live scanning of digital images. 81% said the magnification produced by WSI were greater than conventional microscopy. 52.4% agreed on the time taken to perform the whole slide scanning to be one minute. 85.7% were convinced that diagnostic difficulties could be best consulted through the digital slides. 52.4% agreed integrated automated image analysis increased the diagnostic efficacy of WSI in routine histopathology. 62.5% of them felt that the high cost of the equipment and infrastructure was the major impeding factor in usage o f WSI. Conclusion: Whole slide imaging and digital pathology is a promising future of pathology as it can significantly reduce the workload and enhance the diagnostic efficiency in various aspects. There was a reasonable awareness among the pathologists. Until hospitals collaborate and take initiative to bring whole slide imaging into practice, its difficult to make the best of its advantages.]]>
<![CDATA[Alteration in Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Beneath Rabbit Carcass: Consequence of Carcass Decomposition ]]>
<![CDATA[Sarabjit Singh1, Madhu Bala2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 2 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i2.2771
<![CDATA[Forensic taphonomy involves the use of decomposition to estimate post-mortem interval (PMI) or locate cadaveric grave. The process associated with carcass decomposition in outdoor setting. Some other methods are available to determine the accurate post mortem interval (PMI). Instead of these methods, a soil-based approach one of the best methods to determine post mortem interval. As a consequence, we investigated the physical characteristics of the carcass, soil pH, soil moisture content, electrical conductivity and the concentration of total carbon, total nitrogen and soil-extractable phosphorus in soil beneath rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) carcass which was placed on soil surface up to skeletal stage of decomposition. The significant increases were observed in concentration of soil pH, moisture content, soil-extractable phosphorus and total carbon.]]>
