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<![CDATA[Role of Rigor Mortis in Assessment of Time Since Death ]]>
<![CDATA[Sabina Bashir1 , Deepak Walia2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10438
<![CDATA[Background: Evaluating time since death is an fundamental part of medico-legal investigations. Rigor Mortis is determined by routine convential method of corpus examination and detecting development of postmortem changes which are affected by many internal and external factors. The study was done on 100 medico-legal autopsies. Presence of Rigor Mortis in the cadavers was observed both in voluntary and involuntary muscles. Voluntary muscles were tested by gently moving the parts (eyelids, jaw) or by gently flexing the joints. Involuntary muscles like heart by slightly compressing it. Most of the cases belonged to 21-40 years of age group ( 45%) followed by 41-60 years (32%). 78% of the victims were males while only 22% were females .66% of the cases were reported to be the Road traffic accidents, 13% were poisoning cases, 7% natural death and 4% hanging. Majority of the cases seen were those of brought dead cases i.e; 57% and the hospital deaths recorded were 43%. 99% of victims were clothed. Mean maximum temperature was 33.86±6.6hrs and minimum temperature noted was 24.31±6.5hrs &percentage humidity recorded was 33.51±20.2 . In this study 95% Rigor Mortis was recorded in eyelids, 95% of Rigor Mortis was seen in jaw, 95% in the neck, 96% in the right upper limb, 94% in the left upper limb,80% cases in right lower limb and 80% in the left lower limb. Minimum Postmortem interval recorded was 4 hrs and maximum postmortem interval reported was 36 hrs. Mean PMI reported was 14.80±5.87 hrs. Majority of the cases were reported from two police stations Mullana, which were 46 in number and from Barara ,24 in number.]]>
<![CDATA[An analysis of Socio-Demographic Profile of Asphyxial Deaths in Western Mumbai Region ]]>
<![CDATA[Sachin s. Sonawane1 , Rajesh B. Sukhdeve2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10439
<![CDATA[Background: the study is conducted to determine epidemiology of violent asphyxia deaths in the western Mumbai region and variation in types of asphyxia deaths in relation to age and gender. Methods: Study was conducted in department of forensic medicine of H. B. T. Medical College & cooper Hospital, Mumbai for period (2 years) of January 2015 to December 2016. Total 3114 of autopsies were conducted during the period of which 187(6%) were asphyxial death which are included in this study. Result: 187 out of 3114 medicolegal autopsies were of asphyxial death making incidence rate 5.87% of asphyxial death. Age group most commonly involved in asphyxial death was 21-30 years constitutes 28.8% cases. Male victims constitute of 60.42% cases and female victims were 39.58% cases. Drowning is common in age group 1-20 years constitutes 94.4% of all drowning deaths. Age group 1-10 years all the asphyxial deaths were due to drowning. Hanging is commonest in age group 21-30 years and it constitutes 41.22% of hanging case. Conclusion: Males and young age group population between 11–40 years are more susceptible victims of violent asphyxial deaths. Hanging and drowning was most common cause in this age group. Both types of asphyxial deaths in young population are preventable and needs to be rectified.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of Posture Correction and Moderate Intensity Exercises on Respiratory Systemin Teenagers ]]>
<![CDATA[Sakshi Shah1 , Poonam H. Patil2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10440
<![CDATA[Background: Teenage is the time of shaping health behaviour and preventing postural defects and improving respiratory fitness. The teenagers possess insufficient knowledge about their respiratory system. Postural defects are commonly seen among teenagers due to lack of physical activity and poor postural habits which can lead to non harmonious development of organs and affect respiratory system as well. For efficient respiratory function, moderate intensity exercises with posture correction would be useful. There is paucity of literature showing effect of posture correction and moderate intensity exercises on respiratory system in teenagers, hence this study would be helpful to analyse the same. Objectives: To find out effect of posture correction exercise on respiratory system in teenagers. To find out effect of moderate intensity exercises on respiratory system in teenagers. Methodology: The study was carried out in karad area. The subjects were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Total 35 subjects were participated in this study. Prior consent and assent form was taken. Aim and procedure were explained to the subjects in their preferred language before data collection. Pre and post assessment was done by 6 minute walk test for respiratory function and flexicurve was measured using flexible ruler to recognize spinal postural defect. Peak flow meter was used to measure lung function Result: In conducted study, 6minute walk test, peak flow meter and flexicurve showed statistically significant difference between pre and post treatment values. Conclusion: On the basis of the result of the study, it can be concluded that posture correction and moderate intensity exercises helps in improving respiratory function in teenagers.]]>
<![CDATA[Mandibular Canine Index as A Tool in Gender Identification - A Study in Malwa Population ]]>
<![CDATA[Sandhya Jain1 , Merin Kuriakose2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10441
<![CDATA[Teeth are the hardest tissue in the body. Mandibular canines are important tooth in the human body which shows significant sexual dimorphism. Mandibular canine index can be used for gender identification during mass disasters and crime scenes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy with which gender can be differentiated in Malwa population by using the Mandibular Canine Index and sexual dimorphism. Materials and Method: The study sample includes 300 Mandibular casts of people residing in Malwa. It included 137 males and 163 female participants. Mesio distal diameter of mandibular canines were measured from mesial contact point to distal contact point of right and left mandibular canines. Inter canine distance was measured between tips of both canines. These were used for deriving MCI and determining sexual dimorphism exhibited by mandibular canines. Results: The mesiodistal width of mandibular canine were larger in males than in females. The mean difference of MCI between males and females were more on the left canine, thus making it highly significant (P Value<0.001). The standard mandibular canine index for Malwa population was obtained as 0.262. Sexual dimorphism of right mandibular canine was estimated as 4.30% and for left mandibular canine was 5.58%. Sexual dimorphism of mandibular canine is more on left side. The overall percentage accuracy of sex prediction using standard mandibular canine was found to be 65.52%. Conclusion: Tooth remains obtained from crime scenes or disasters can be used for gender identification as this method is very simple, accurate and useful.]]>
<![CDATA[Effectiveness of Short Foot Exercises Versus Towel Curl Exercises to Improve Balance and Foot Posture in Individuals with Flexible Flat Foot ]]>
<![CDATA[Sayali N. Pisal1 , Khushboo Chotai2 , Smita Patil2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10442
<![CDATA[Background: Flexible flat foot is a condition of foot in which the medial longitudinal arch is lowered which is visible in weight bearing foot. This condition may be asymptomatic and needs to be treated to prevent further overuse injuries. Many of the literature suggest that individuals with flexible flat foot shows imbalances in the strength of IFM like abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis, flexor digitorum brevis and interosseous muscles which plays major role in maintaining stability. The dynamic balance is found to be more affected in flexible flat foot which needs to be treated by strengthening the IFM. Strengthening IFM with greater efficacy can improve the dynamic balance and also have impact on foot posture of individuals with flexible flat foot. Objective: to find the effect of 2 different types of IFM strengthening on dynamic balance Material and Method: In this pre-post intervention study 40 individuals with flexible flat foot were included. They were randomly divided into 2 groups with 20 individuals in each group. Group A was instructed to perform short foot exercises and Group B was instructed to perform towel curl exercise for four weeks. After pre-post assessment, data was analysed with help of appropriate statistical methods. Results: According to result the in Group A and Group B there is significant increase in both right and left anterior, posteromedial and posterolateral directions with p value < 0.0001. Conclusion: Both short foot exercise and towel curl exercise are found to be equally effective in improving the dynamic balance in individuals with flexible flat foot. The impact of these exercises on foot posture needs to be taken into consideration.]]>
<![CDATA[Morphometric Study of External Nose for Sex Determination and Ethnic Group Differentiation ]]>
<![CDATA[Senthil Kumar B]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10443
<![CDATA[Background: External nose is one of the anatomical structures that give a look in an individual’s face. The size and shape of the nose vary from one individual to another individual. Aim: To determine the sex based on morphometry of external nose. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 100 Malaysians and 100 South Indians of age group (20 to 30 years). The morphometric measurements of the external nose such as nasal length (NL), nasal breadth (NB), nasal height (NH), nasal depth (ND), width of columella (WC), nostril breadth (NB), alar length (AL) and alar width (AW) were measured using digital caliper by standard procedure. Results: The nasal width was found to be larger in Malaysian females as compared to that of Indian females. The nasal height was found to be larger in Indian males followed by Indian females and vice versa in Malaysian population. When compared among the population the nasal length was lengthier in Indian population and in Malaysian males when compared to Malaysian females. Alar length slight difference was found between male and female of both the population when compared on both the sides. The alar width was found to be more in Indian population when compared to Malaysian population. The nostril breadth was found to be wider in Malaysian population when compared to the Indian population. Conclusion: The present study shows that their do exist gender difference in nasal morphometry and nasal index of both males and females.]]>
<![CDATA[Pattern of Poisoning Cases and Poisoning Deaths A Retrospective Studiy Conducted at Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, Raichur ]]>
<![CDATA[Sharanabasavappa Karaddi1 , Praveen Kumar2, Ravi Shankar MG3 , Mounika Ragini4]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10444
<![CDATA[The present study is a retrospective study conducted in Raichur institute of Medical sciences, Raichur Karnataka. During the study period that is from January 2017 to March 2017, out of 547 medico-legal cases which came to casualty, 164 cases were poisoning. Among 164 poisoning cases, 13 cases died in hospital and postmortem examination is done in mortuary RIMS Raichur hospital. The most common type of poisoning case in and around the Raichur district was organo-phosphorus poisoning (58.53%) followed by kerosene poisoning (13.41%). Males (55.48%) were the more common victims of the poisoning. Age group between 11-20 years (32.92%) was most commonly affected. Majority of poisoning cases was suicidal (84.14%) in manner. In 26.56% the motive for suicidal poisoning was financial crisis leading to depression and consumption of poisonous substance.]]>
<![CDATA[An examination of Some Commonly Utilized Techniques for Perception of Secret Writing ]]>
<![CDATA[Shipra Rohatgi1 , Shruti Gupta2 , Madhulika Sharma3]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10445
<![CDATA[Secret writing is the art of covered or hidden writing. The art of secret writing is meant to create a message unreadable by a third party however doesn’t hide the existence of the secret communication. This paper is meant as a technical introduction to secret writing for those unacquainted with the field. Invisible inks are generally used for secret writing. These are fluids used to write hidden messages that do not appear unless exposed by a revealing process. Invisible inks can be classified into three main categories: those that are revealed by heat, those revealed by chemical reactions and those that are visible under ultraviolet light. Some common household invisible inks are diluted fruit juices, vinegar and laundry detergent, all which can be applied by a paintbrush, special invisible ink pen or even a toothpick, Historically, used in times of war by governments and insurgents alike. The chemical processes of invisible inks are well known, so a variety of detection methods exist. The simplest invisible ink experiment consists of dipping a brush in vegetable juice, biological fluids and different chemicals and writing on a piece of blank varieties of paper. When the “ink” dries, it will be invisible to the naked eye, but if the paper is held up to a moderate heat source such as a light bulb, a radiator or an iron using UV lamp to deciphering invisible writing. Many other mild chemicals also used for restoration of secret writing.]]>
<![CDATA[Immediate Effect of Stretching Versus Strengthening Excercises on Blood Glucose Level in Chronic Diabetes Mellitus ]]>
<![CDATA[Shweta M Mehta1 , Smita Patil2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10446
<![CDATA[Background : Diabetes mellitus affects the muscles as muscle play notable role in the regulation of blood sugar level. The lack of glucose can lead to muscle cells atrophying and therefore loss of muscle mass. Stretching can increase cellular glucose uptake. Strengthening may improve strength , enlarged muscle mass and to improve insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control. Their paucity of literature on immediate effect of stretching versus strengthening exercises on blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus . Objective: To find out immediate effect of stretching on blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus individuals. To find out immediate effect of strengthening exercises on blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus individuals. To compare the immediate effectiveness of stretching and strengthening exercises on blood glucose level in diabetes mellitus individuals. Methodology: the study was conducted in Krishna hospital, in physiotherapy department. 44 subjects were selected with simple random sampling method. Chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus individuals were divided in to two groups. Group A (stretching) and group B (strengthening exercises)was given. The pre- and post –treatment postprandial Blood glucose values was measured by glucometer. Result: In conducted study, postprandial BGL showed statistically significant difference between pre and post treatment values in both group A and B. Conclusion: from the above conducted study it concludes that both stretching and strengthening exercises are effective in decreasing postprandial blood glucose level in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as there is no significant difference between both the groups . Strengthening exercises increased more flexibility in females than passive stretching and males were benefited with both stretching and strengthening exercises.]]>
<![CDATA[Origin of Parisian Laws and Regulations in India: “Fons et origo of Zoroastrianism” ]]>
<![CDATA[Shyamantak Misra1 , Prafulla Chandra Mishra2]]>
<![CDATA[ Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology Vol. 14 No. 3 (2020): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Institute of Medico-legal Publications Pvt Ltd ]]>
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DOI: 10.37506/ijfmt.v14i3.10447
<![CDATA[The present article is elucidation of Parsi’s and their personal laws to make it a less confused and more comprehensible study matter. The title “Fons et origo of Zoroastrianism” means the source or the origin of Zoroastrianism. Those who believed that there’s only one Supreme God namely “Ahura Mazda” are known as Zoroastrians. The researcher has discussed the status of Parsis from its inception till date. This piece of work starts with a detailed study of their origin, simplifying their upbringing and tracing their movements and further stressing on the enactment & application of their laws in India. This piece of literature, emphasizing on the origin of the Zoroastrians further focuses on the legal provisions relating to Parsi marriages, divorce and maintenance as well. In Toto it’s a compilation of the most needed information and majorly required provisos relating to Parsis.]]>
