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Geotectonics and Exploration of Gold Mineralization in the Kushaka-Kusheriki Schist Belt North-Central Nigeria Okpoli, Cyril C.; Idakwo, Sunday O.; Olaniyan, Oladele; Chidi, Promise E.
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1250

The lack of systematic and organized development and exploration for gold and increasing demand for sustainable development goals has prompted the integrated geological, geophysical and geochemical surveys to characterize the gold mineralization at Owu part of the Kushaka-Kusheriki schist belt in North Central Nigeria. Previous studies concentrated on geology and geochemical studies with no emphasis on the use of integrated studies and state-of-the-art tools aimed at characterizing gold mineralization. Detailed geological mapping was carried out to determine the various rock types and their structural framework. Thirty- one (31) data were acquired using Proton Precession Magnetometer for geophysical survey to delineate their degree of magnetic susceptibility and dataset was enhanced using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Inductively Coupled Plasma/Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICPOES), fire assay, multi-acid digestion with gravimetric method were carried out on rocks and soils to determine their geochemical signatures. Geologically, the study area consists of phyllite, mica schist, amphibole schist, phyllitic schist, biotite schist within schist shear zone. Structurally, granitic intrusions are observed in the NE-SW direction, parallel to the regional foliation of the rocks. Geophysical data were subjected to different forms of filtering, which showed high and low magnetic areas. The results reveal a distinct tectonic activity that led to shearing and fracturing, and subsequently gave rise to a structurally controlled mineralization pattern (i.e., NE-SW direction in the Pan African domain). ICPOES analysis yielded Au concentration of <0.2 – 201 ppm with 80% of the soil samples exceeding 2 ppm indicating their qualification as ores. The soil samples are enriched in W (1 – 241 ppm), Mo (1 – 19.8 ppm) but depleted in Sb (<5) and Ag (<2 ppm). Positive correlations between Au and Cu, Zn and Pb confirm that they are pathfinder elements for Au in the area. The geological and geophysical studies reveal structurally controlled mineralization; while the very low K/Ba (<0.01) suggests non- structurally controlled gold mineralization in sediments occasioned by dispersion of the metals. The integrated approach has proved effective in delineating gold mineralized zones, and is recommended for other related investigations.

Spatial Variability and Analysis of Key Soil Properties in the Kesem Irrigation Scheme, Awash River Basin, Ethiopia Jiru, Mengistu; Mekonnen, Boja; Henk, Ritzema; Abegaz, Fentaw
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1311

The Kesem Irrigation Scheme, located in the middle Awash River Basin of Ethiopia faces significant challenges due to widespread soil salinity and sodicity, hindering its agricultural productivity. This study aims to assess the spatial distribution and extent of soil salinity and evaluate the spatial variability of key soil properties in southern block of the scheme, encompassing 5000 hectares. A total of 154 composite soil samples were collected from both active sugarcane fields and abandoned areas at 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm depths. Soil properties analyzed included particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity (ECe), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and exchangeable cations. Geostatistical analysis, including semivariogram modeling and ordinary kriging, was employed to assess the spatial variability of soil properties. Descriptive statistics, normality tests, and paired t-tests were performed. Soil textural classes were determined, and soil salt classes were classified based on ECe, ESP, and pH Soil texture analysis revealed a predominance of silt and clay fractions, while soil assessment identified four salt classes: non-saline, saline, saline-sodic, and alkaline based on FAO techniques. Results showed that pH had the lowest coefficient of variation (CV), while the ECe had the highest CV. Variability was generally greater in the bottom layer, except for cation exchange capacity (CEC) and ESP. Prosopis Julifera-infested areas had substantially lower ECe and ESP, with increased pH. Geostatistical analysis showed moderate to strong spatial dependence for most soil properties within a range of 861-6186 meters. The dominance of silt-dominated soils increases the risk of sodium retention, exacerbating salinity and sodicity issues. Elevated salinity and sodicity levels were observed in certain areas, attributed to factors such as groundwater table rise and inadequate drainage. This study provides valuable information for developing site-specific soil management strategies to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure sustainable agricultural land use. Further research is essential to determine the specific roles of various soil salinity factors in influencing soil properties within irrigated agricultural systems.

Comparative Study on the Accuracy of Terrestrial and Global Gravitational Models (GGMs) Gravity Anomalies for Akure Environs, Ondo State, Nigeria Raufu, Ibrahim Olatunji; Tata, Herbert; Buraimoh, Korede Samuel
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1337

Spherical harmonic expansion is a mathematical method used to describe Earth's gravity field, derived from potential coefficients observed both on Earth's surface and from space. The International Centre for Gravity Earth Models (ICGEM) publishes Global Gravitational Models (GGMs), which require validation using terrestrial data to assess their suitability in specific regions. This study evaluates and compares gravity anomalies derived from five GGMs (EGM 2008, GECO, XGM2019e-2159, SGG-UGM-2, and EIGEN-6C4) with terrestrial gravity data over the Akure area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Gravity values and geodetic coordinates from 23 stations were analyzed. Terrestrial gravity data were sourced from previous field surveys, while GGM data were obtained from the International Centre for Global Earth Gravity Model (ICGEM). The study computed and compared free-air and Bouguer anomalies with mean differences ranging from -1.725 to 6.800 mGal (with standard errors between 1.058 to 1.965 mGal) for free-air anomalies, and -2.107 to 4.546 mGal (with standard errors between 0.773 to 1.041 mGal) for Bouguer anomalies. Statistical analyses revealed that the EGM 2008, GECO, and XGM 2019e-2159 models provided the best-fit with terrestrial measurements. These models can thus serve as reliable alternatives or complements to terrestrial gravity data for geoid determination in the Akure region. The study identifies EGM2008, GECO, and XGM2019e_2159 as the most suitable GGMs for geophysical applications in this area.

Noon-Time Thermal Comfort in a Tropical, Hot-Humid Climate City in the Philippines Velonta, Junelie Anthony; Martinez-Paglinawan, Kay Marie
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1338

Climate change and urbanization will rapidly increase land surface temperatures in cities with tropical, hot-humid climates. Understanding how this increase affects the individual human requires gauging current thermal comfort levels. This study uses the Modified Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (mPET) model to quantify noon-time thermal comfort within the Dumaguete city center. Twenty locations were investigated. These areas were organized based on the overhead cover in each location: Green Cover (GC) for locations with vegetation providing shade, Artificial Cover (AC) for locations with cover made of artificial or constructed materials, and Sparse Cover (SC) for areas with direct sun exposure. mPET calculated for both the GC and AC locations all fall below the 44.09°C limit for Moderate Heat Stress. However, most SC locations exceed said limit, indicating Strong Heat Stress. SC locations within urban canyons exhibited the highest mPET of all locations, corresponding to the highest heat stress levels. Wind velocity reduced mPET on all locations, affecting AC areas the most. Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt), which accounted for the heat radiated by the infrastructure around an area, had the greatest influence on mPET. This study has found that thermal comfort is greatly affected by the density of infrastructure surrounding a location. Specifically, tall buildings close to each other reflect and concentrate heat towards the ground level, greatly degrading thermal comfort for pedestrians. These results could help inform future zoning laws, encourage the use of vegetation as overhead cover for footpaths, and advocate urban designs which capitalize on wind to ventilate populous areas.

Introduction of Ammonites from the Dalichai Formation in Polour Section Central Alborz, Iran Sohrabi Mollayousefi, Masoomeh; Kiarostami, Kiana
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1341

The studies done on Dalichai Formation in Central Alborz, South Polour Formation of an 80 m thick that are systematically sampled at intervals of 2 meters and selected the 40 rock samples for the preparation of thin sections considered and in addition to lithology; characteristics of the stone, and index examples of Ammonites were also studied. Dalichai formation lithology in the study area is rich in terms of alternating gray sandstone and marl with Ammonites Fauna. Based on the study of fossil fauna, the oldest identified ammonite in the studied section is Procerites (Early Bathonian), and the youngest is Reineckeia sp. (Late Callovian). The distribution of ammonites indicates that the eastern Alborz region had marine connections with northwestern Europe and the Mediterranean marginal areas during the Middle Jurassic period, and the study area was located north of the Tethys Ocean. Based on its stratigraphic position of the middle Jurassic Age Formation, Dalichai Ammonites with peer review study sections and microfossils Bathonian-Callovian age Dalichai is accurate. Lar Formation covers this formation with a gradual contact and has been parallel to the Shemshak Formation on an erosional unconformity. Through the examination of stratigraphy and the correlation of formations in the studied sequence, it was determined that the lower part of the Dalichai Formation is equivalent to other formations in Iran, including the Parvdeh Formation in the Shotori Mountains, the Kashfrood Formation in the Kopeh Dagh, and the lower part of the Baghamshah Formation in the Tabas Basin. The variations in thickness of the Dalichai Formation in the eastern Alborz region indicate relative subsidence of the sedimentary basin, a delay in sea-level rise, and the exit of sediments from seawater. These changes are indicative of the Middle Cimmerian tectonic event, which is observed as an erosional unconformity at the lower boundary of the Dalichai Formation.

Flood Inundation Mapping and Spatial Analysis: A Case Study of the 2022 Massive Flood in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Ullah, Atta; Akbar, Saddique; Ghani, Muhammad Afan; Paryal, Muhammad; Maaz, Muhammad; Shah, Noman Ali; Momand, Imtiaz
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1398

Climate change has increased the frequency of extreme precipitation, increasing rapid flood risks globally. This study integrates remote sensing, geospatial data and climatic statistics to map flood inundation and analyze precipitation patterns in Swat district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, following the 2022 flood. We used Google Earth Engine (GEE), applied supervised classification on sentinel-2 imagery achieving an accuracy of 99.7% for 2021 and 97.3% for 2022, confirming the precision of our analysis. Flood water body levels were meticulously scrutinized, culminating in the production of an illuminating flood inundation map through the Summer Permanent Water Bodies (SPWB) exclusion layer and Normalized Difference Flood Index (NDFI) framework. The NDVI and SPWB exclusion layer identified 1230 km2 of inundated area and 258 km2 of land use change in 2022. Analysis of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) summer precipitation data revealed a peak of 877 mm in 2022, with significant increase in southern, central and northern parts of Swat. This study is an earnest attempt to advance our understanding of flood mapping and offer roadmap for enhanced disaster management, supporting urban planning and mitigation strategies in the flood prone regions of Swat.

Spatio-Temporal Land Use Change Analysis at Dutse International Airport Using Google Earth Imagery Sani, Inuwa Sani; Wibowo, Adi; Imam, Mahmoud Zubair
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1435

This study discusses spatial-temporal land use change around Dutse International Airport, Nigeria, using high-resolution Google Earth imagery of 2012, 2018, and 2023. Change was triggered by the development of an airport in 2014 and has brought about phenomenal changes, including urbanization and agricultural and vegetated land cover loss. With supervised classification in ArcGIS, aided by geometric correction and accuracy measurements (confusion matrix, user and producer accuracy, kappa coefficient), quantitative estimation of land use change over time is ascertained in the study. Findings reveal the steep decline of agricultural land from 452.41 ha in 2012 to 116.01 ha in 2023, and loss in vegetation from 278.33 ha to 104.42 ha. In contrast, cover of settlement expanded from 97.21 ha to 346.42 ha and road infrastructure expanded from 172.54 ha to 296.54 ha. The result indicates natural and agricultural landscape pressure induced by infrastructure-based development. The research suggests land use planning through zoning policy, ecological buffer zones, and remote monitoring to harmonize development and conservation of peri-urban ecosystems.

Evaluation of 2024 Meteorological Drought Forecasts for Türkiye: Using ECMWF SEAS5 Data and the SPEI Index Çamalan, Gülten; Akil, Sercan
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1559

This study aims to evaluate meteorological drought predictions for Türkiye in 2024 using the SEAS5 seasonal forecast system developed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The motivation behind this research is to assess the applicability of SEAS5 for drought forecasting and its potential contribution to drought management and early warning systems. Drought analysis was performed using the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) on a 3-month timescale, while the model’s predictive performance was evaluated through categorical verification metrics. The forecast data used were the monthly anomaly outputs of the SEAS5 system for 2024, combined with station-based reference normals from the 1991-2020 period to produce station-specific forecast series. Long-term precipitation and temperature data from 190 meteorological observation stations, with records starting from 1969, were employed to identify climate trends using the Mann-Kendall rank correlation method. The study presents spatial and temporal distributions of drought conditions and assesses the SEAS5 model’s success in predicting droughts across different months and seasons. The findings suggest that SEAS5 can be effectively used for drought forecasting in Türkiye and can contribute significantly to improving drought management and early warning systems.

Structural Geomorphology and Tectonic Dynamism of the Lolodorf Segment, Nyong Complex, SW Cameroon Eric José, Messi Ottou; Rémi, Etoundi Akoa Philémon; Benjamin, Ntieche; Martial, Ntomba Sylvestre; Saturnin, Evina Aboula Yannick; Paul-Désiré, Ndjigui
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1596

The study of the structural geomorphology and tectonic dynamism of the Lokoundjé and Nyong watersheds has made possible to discriminate the essential geological objects of the Lolodorf region (3°10’- 3°25’N, 10°40’- 10°55’E), in Southern Cameroon. This study has assessed the morphological and geological dynamism Lokoundjé and Nyong watersheds landscapes using both qualitative and quantitative data based on Digital Elevation Models (DEM) at 30 m resolution. Tectonic activities influence the topography of the land, which significantly affects the drainage system and geomorphological configuration of the area. Various tectonic indices were calculated to evaluate the evidence of tectonism. This include hypsometric curve (HC) and hypsometric integral (Hi), relative tectonic uplift (U), longitudinal Profiles (PL), knick-points (kp), stream-length gradient index (SL-index) swath profile, Asymmetrie factor (AF), transverse topographic symmetric factor (TTSF), Basin shape (Bs) and Relative tectonic activity (Iat) cumulatively with linear, area, relief morphometric parameters, and hydrographic on 2 delineated basins of the study area. These parameters were used to elucidate the dynamism of the structural geomorphology of the Nyong Complex to best constrain the morphostructural environment of this region. Imbricated circular structures, which could correspond to the Ngovayang fault, are highlighted in the Mvoule, Mboulé, and Mvilé sub-basins for the first time. New faults are mapped, and the most important are the ductile corridors of the Lokoundjé, Ngovayang, and Mvilé with NE-SW direction, and finally, the faults of Mée, Mélangué Boulou, Elon, and Nyamfende with NW-SE direction. The topographical variations allowed us to subdivide the area of Lolodorf and its surroundings into three levels or domains and to highlight three main morphological units, namely the low, medium, and high units. Tectonic structure lithology and differential erosion control the nature of the geomorphology and hydrographic network of the study area. The combined classification of Relative Tectonic Activity Index (Iat) and morphometric parameters of 2 basins categorised all the zones into two different classes: Class 2-High (2.00) and Class 3-Moderate (2.17 - 2.33). The basins with tectonic activities have a consistent relationship with structural disturbances and basin geometry. The active tectonic zonation of part of the two basins, according to geomorphological indices and morphometric parameters, suggests a significant influence of tectonic activity in some parts of the two basins. It highlights the tectonic activity that occurred over time and its influence on the overall morphology extending to the entire southwest margin of Cameroon.

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Prediction Using Landsat 8 OLI Image Data in The Bangka Strait Waters with Five Prediction Model Combinations Nisa, Khoirun; Harsono, Gentio; Martha, Sukendra; Waluyo, Dangan
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1738

Salinity is the most important parameter for controlling the biological components of ecosystems, seas, and estuaries, which also control the components that make up an ecosystem. Conventional water quality monitoring is considered inaccurate and inefficient in terms of energy and time. Therefore, research is needed to predict sea surface salinity as a type of water quality monitoring using remote sensing reflectance or Remote Sensing Reflectance (RRS) from Landsat imagery. The Landsat image data used is level 2 Surface Reflectance (SR), which is ready to use without additional processing by the user, whereas previous research required corrections to the image data to obtain Surface Reflectance image data. This study aims to determine the performance of the prediction model produced by using five combinations of Landsat image bands. The data used are Landsat 8 OLI image data (recording date 05 August 2024) downloaded from the USGS website and in situ salinity data in the Bangka Strait sea (09 March 2025), as many as 5 samples that can be used. The obtained data were processed using multiple linear regression analysis with Rrs as the independent variable and in situ salinity as the dependent variable. The salinity prediction model consisted of five band combinations. The analysis produced R² values for each model combination of 0.8166287408, 0.935603228, 0.820745745, 0.869209652, and 0.574027060. The RMSE validity tests for combination 1, combination 2, combination 3, combination 4, and combination 5 were 2.41327, 1.43012, 2.38602, 2.03811, and 3.67817. Then for the NMAE value, namely 10.10152205%, 5.32713015%, 9.58011308%, 8.8868031%, and 14.51012574%. The combination rankings that have the best prediction performance are combination 2, combination 4, combination 3, combination 1, and combination 5. So the best model in predicting seawater salinity is the combination of the 2 prediction models, with its constituent band components being band 1, band 2, and band 4.

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Riki Rahmad

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MO.RI Publishing Jl. Hasyim Tahir Griya Shafa Marwa Blok G6-7 Batang Kuis, Kab. Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara

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Kab. deli serdang,

Sumatera utara

INDONESIA

Abstract

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Abstract

Home Page

OAI Link

Editorial Team

Contact

Reviewer

Google Scholar

Contact Name Riki Rahmad

Contact Email injoes@moripublishing.com

Phone +6285364961236

Journal Mail Official injoes@moripublishing.com

Editorial Address MO.RI Publishing Jl. Hasyim Tahir Griya Shafa Marwa Blok G6-7 Batang Kuis, Kab. Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara

Location Kab. deli serdang, Sumatera utara INDONESIA

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Contact Name
Riki Rahmad

Contact Email
injoes@moripublishing.com

Phone
+6285364961236

Journal Mail Official
injoes@moripublishing.com

Editorial Address
MO.RI Publishing Jl. Hasyim Tahir Griya Shafa Marwa Blok G6-7 Batang Kuis, Kab. Deli Serdang Sumatera Utara

Location
Kab. deli serdang,

Sumatera utara

INDONESIA