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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences
Published by MO.RI Publishing
ISSN : 27981134     EISSN : 27973549     DOI : https//doi.org/10.5262/injoes
Core Subject : Science, Agriculture, Social,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Earth & Planetary Sciences Environmental Science
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences is an open-access journal that publishes rigorously peer-reviewed research dedicated to our planet.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (semua kategori) - Ilmu Bumi dan Planet (Lain-Lain)
Articles 81 Documents
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Macroseismic Analysis of the 2023 Earthquakes in Jayapura Bakhtiar, Takhul; Ahsan, Muh Nahdhi; Syawal, Muhammad; Pamuji, Danang
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1026

Abstract

On January 2 and February 9, 2023, two significant earthquakes struck Jayapura City, leading to widespread panic, severe damage to buildings and public infrastructure, and multiple casualties. In response, the BBMKG V Earthquake Survey Team conducted a macroseismic study to evaluate the geological impacts, assess community responses, and document the overall effects of the earthquakes. The methodology employed included structured interviews and questionnaires administered to affected residents. The study revealed that soft rock conditions in the area contributed to an MMI scale VI impact, which resulted in extensive damage to public facilities and residential buildings. The insights gained from this study offer valuable information for improving future earthquake mitigation strategies and enhancing preparedness in seismically vulnerable regions.
Assessment of Seasonal Distribution and Characterisation of Geomagnetic Storm Occurrence during Solar Cycles 21–24 Audu, Moses; Okeke, Francisca; Emmanuel, Tikyaa; Terkaa, Jam; Onoja, Peter; Thankgod, Inyope
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1035

Abstract

Geomagnetic storms (GMSs) are an important space weather phenomenon that poses serious threats to the advancement of space technology, power transmission lines, oil pipelines, and other infrastructure. This study investigates seasonal patterns of GMSs due to recent reports on the prominence of large storms (Dst ? -50 nT) during equinox conditions. Hourly Dst index data provided by the World Data Center, Kyoto, Japan, for solar cycles 21–24 (1976–2019) were employed. Storm occurrences in each solar cycle considered were identified using the minimum Dst value. The identified storms were categorized and analyzed statistically. Results revealed that storm occurrence varied from month to month, season to season, and solar cycle to solar cycle based on storm categories. Furthermore, the observed seasonal distribution of GMS occurrence decreases in the following order: autumn, spring, winter, and summer. This indicates that equinox conditions are more likely to have GMSs, consistent with the Russell-McPherron effect, compared to solstice conditions. The findings suggest that the distribution and characterization of storm occurrence vary seasonally due to solar activity. The insights on storm occurrence, distribution, and characterization may serve as a guide to space scientists to avert the impacts of GMSs while exploring space.
Investigation of Seasonal and Annual Wind Speed Distribution of Tarnab Based on Weibull and Rayleigh Distribution Models Khan, Aamir; Shafi, Amna
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 1 (2024): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1037

Abstract

This study aims to statistically analyze wind speed data of Tarnab, Peshawar, for the period 2004-2023. The data was recorded at the Agriculture Research Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar. Two statistical models (two-parameter Weibull and Rayleigh distribution functions) were applied to find the distributions of wind speeds. For the estimation of shape and scale parameters of Weibull and Rayleigh, two methods were employed: the method of moments and the energy pattern factor. Three statistical tools (mean percentage error, mean absolute percentage error, and root mean square deviation) were applied to check the error percentage of both models. The results of the Weibull distribution were much closer to the observed data than those of the Rayleigh distribution. The average values of wind speeds tended to increase from winter to summer and vice versa. The highest recorded annual and seasonal wind speeds were 26.19 in/s and 41.57 in/s, respectively, while the lowest values were 7.11 in/s and 4.95 in/s, respectively. Thus, while ruling out the possibility of harnessing wind as a significant source of energy, the findings are still useful for the crops produced in the region.
Granulometric and Mineralogical Characterization of Sands from the Middle Course of the Kasai River (Ilebo Territory, Kasai Province, DRC) Kitshabi, Lowny Trésor Madienga; Tshiwisa, Ivon Ndala Tshiwisa; Muke, Modeste Kisangala; Thomas Kanika Mayena, Thomas Kanika; Osomba, Dominique Wetshondo Osomba; Nkula, Valentin Kanda; Asidi, Djonive Munene; Makutu, Adalbert-Jules
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1041

Abstract

This study addresses sediment dynamics within the fluvial system of the middle Kasai Basin, specifically between Ilebo town (pk605) and the confluence with the Loange River (pk525). The primary aim is to characterize the granulometric and mineralogical evolution of sand bars in the Kasai River, which pose navigational challenges in this section of the basin. The study seeks to answer the following question: How do the granulometric and mineralogical characteristics of sands transported by the middle course of the Kasai River evolve? The research employs laboratory granulometric techniques. Twenty sand samples were collected from sand bars along the middle and navigable course of the Kasai River during the flood recession period, ranging from upstream to downstream. Sieving was conducted using an AFNOR-type sieve column, followed by sedimentometric analyses and the calculation of various Folk & Ward textural parameters using the Excel program Gradistat. Additionally, six samples underwent automated mineralogical analysis using a QEMSCAN FEG Quanta 650. Granulometric analysis revealed that the sands from the middle course of the Kasai River are unimodal, with fine to medium grains in the granulometric fraction ranging from 186.2 µm to 426.8 µm. Most of these sands are moderately to well graded, with grains showing granulometric symmetry and, less commonly, fine asymmetry. Their kurtosis is largely mesokurtic, with occasional leptokurtic and platykurtic characteristics, indicating multiple depositional environments. The study demonstrates that the evolution of these granulometric parameters is uneven along the middle course of the Kasai River, though overall, the parameters exhibit limited variation. This suggests minimal and regular sediment inputs, consistent with the relative regularity of granulometric variations in environments characterized by free sedimentation. Automated mineralogical analysis identified a diverse mineralogical assemblage, dominated by quartz, followed by calcite, iron oxides, orthoclase, plagioclase, and kaolinite. Additionally, a group of minerals that do not exceed the 0.55% threshold—such as illite, apatite, ilmenite, muscovite, chlorite, biotite, montmorillonite, rutile, pyrophyllite, siderite, zircon, and dolomite—was identified. Consequently, the mineralogical evolution is not uniform throughout the middle course of the Kasai River, showing a sawtooth variation. This study clarifies the evolution of the granulometric parameters of Kasai River sands, which are influenced by the river's hydrodynamic regime. It also elucidates the mineralogical evolution, linked to the petrographic nature of source areas, which are distributed based on their mechanical resistance to abrasion, chemical alteration, and the morphology of the riverbed. The findings from this research contribute significantly to the field of sedimentology and integrated river management
Petrographic and Diffractometric Analysis of Drill Samples from the Iron Ore Deposits of Zatua Hills, Haut Uélé Province, DRC Mbo, Levesque Makuku; Tienge, Albert Ongendangenda
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1043

Abstract

Seven samples were selected from various facies of geological formations intersected by the drill holes for petrographic analysis, supplemented by diffractometry. The goal was to identify the mineralogical composition of Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), the associated parageneses, and elements deleterious to the metallurgical processing of iron ore. Field tests, based on geophysical maps, were conducted to identify high-prospectivity sites characterized by low magnetic susceptibility and hematite richness, followed by sampling and drilling to confirm mineralization. Selected samples from characteristic facies in contact with iron ores underwent petrographic analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopy, supported by diffractometric analyses to ensure accurate mineralogical identification. The study revealed the presence of hematitic BIF, predominantly composed of weakly aggregated euhedral and subhedral martite grains, with evidence of some leaching. Magnetite, identified as the protore mineral, has been oxidized by fluid influence into martite (hematite), with a low presence of secondary supergene minerals. Variscite, kaolinite, and gibbsite were the main secondary minerals identified in both petrographic and diffractometric analyses, and are considered sources of phosphorus, aluminum, and silica—elements recognized as harmful in the metallurgical processing of iron and its alloys. These secondary minerals were precipitated within interstitial cavities leached between martite and hematite aggregates, forming a botryoidal texture. The BIFs of the Zatua Hills are primarily composed of hematitic iron ores associated with goethite, microplaty hematite, and secondary supergene minerals, likely formed through fluid circulation along fracture zones, shearing, and folding. Geochemical studies are recommended to complete the analysis, aiming to determine the content of these iron oxides, secondary minerals, and the degree of hydration through loss on ignition.
Assessing Tsunami Impacts and Enhancing Disaster Response in Tirtayasa Banten through High-Resolution Satellite Imagery Junaid, Muhammad; Wibowo, Adi
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1045

Abstract

In December 2018, the coastal town of Tirtayasa, Banten, suffered severe damage from a tsunami, leaving the area highly vulnerable to future disasters. This research assesses the tsunami’s impact, thoroughly evaluating damage to infrastructure and vegetation using high-resolution satellite imagery. By comparing pre- and post-tsunami images, we quantitatively measure resilience and devastation, documenting significant landscape changes to better understand the extent of damage and identify resilient areas. These insights are critical for developing effective disaster response plans. The study employs advanced geospatial analytic techniques, demonstrating how satellite imagery enhances disaster preparedness and management by enabling prompt and accurate assessments, which are essential for both emergency response and long-term recovery planning. Integrating satellite-based remote monitoring into standard disaster management practices offers substantial advantages, improving the preparedness and response capabilities of vulnerable areas. This research highlights the importance of advanced change detection techniques to improve the accuracy of impact assessments and foster the development of targeted measures to mitigate the effects of future natural disasters.
Intelligent Hazard Assessment of Mangrove Degradation Ryabtsev, Vladimir; Rahmadi, M Taufik; Harefa, Meilinda Suriani; Tuhono, Eling; Suciani, Ayu; Pratama, Alvin
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.822

Abstract

Mangrove ecosystems are crucial for mitigating climate change by sequestering significant amounts of carbon, providing habitat for diverse species, and protecting coastal areas. Their sustainability is vital for global environmental balance and human welfare. Analysis using the Eidos system reveals the threats to mangrove forest health, considering both negative and positive factors and analyzing the strength and direction of each threat's influence. The Eidos system facilitated the development of a statistical model and cognitive system, demonstrating effectiveness in identifying and classifying degradation risks based on empirical data, allowing for early predictions at relatively low operational costs. These findings can be leveraged by coastal protection organizations worldwide, as the Eidos system is freely accessible online in multiple languages. The results have the potential to inform targeted mangrove conservation policies and enhance environmental protection initiatives in various regions.
Productivity Assessment of Digging and Loading Equipment (Cat 330D2L) and Hauling Equipment (Fuso 220PS) in Coal Mining at PT. Bhumi Sriwijaya Perdana Coal, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Prasetyo, Yoga Tri; Paradise, Mycelia; Mukarrom, Faisol
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1226

Abstract

PT. Bhumi Sriwijaya Perdana Coal, a coal mining company located in Musi Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, utilizes Caterpillar 330D2L excavators and Mitsubishi Fuso 220PS dump trucks for coal extraction activities. The company set a production target of 52,612 tons/month for March 2023. However, actual production fell short, with the hauling equipment achieving only 41,260.08 tons/month, despite the loading equipment exceeding the target with 59,086.93 tons/month. This research aims to identify factors hindering the achievement of production targets and propose strategies for improvement. The analysis revealed that the mismatch between the loader and hauler operations, reflected by a low match factor of 0.57, was a significant contributor to inefficiencies. Additional challenges included extended cycle times influenced by front-loading patterns, hauling path conditions, and equipment synchronization. After implementing improvements, including cycle time optimization and increased loading flow, the productivity of the Mitsubishi Fuso 220PS dump trucks increased to 59,732.67 tons/month. The match factor between the Caterpillar 330D2L and the Mitsubishi Fuso 220PS improved to 0.83, demonstrating enhanced operational alignment. These findings highlight the importance of addressing cycle times, optimizing equipment compatibility, and improving workflows to meet production targets effectively.
Delineating Structural Features Related to Hydrothermal Alterations for Possible Mineralization in Share Area, Kwara State Nigeria Using Aeromagnetic Data Adebisi, Warith Adewale; Folorunso, Ismail Oluwaseye; Abubakar, Hussain Olanrewaju; Olatunji, Saminu; Olaojo, Michael Opeoluwa
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024): July-December
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2024.1265

Abstract

Mineral deposits of significant economic value are abundant in the subsurface of Nigeria, presenting a promising alternative to the nations over dependence on petroleum revenues. This study interprets aeromagnetic data from Share, Kwara State, Nigeria, to delineate subsurface structural features associated with hydrothermal zones, which are key indicators for potential mineralization. The methodologies applied upward continuation, analytic signal, tilt derivative, and first vertical derivative (FVD). These offer insights into subsurface geology that can be broadly applied in geophysical exploration and mineral resource management. The results reveal structural trends predominantly in the NE–SW direction, with some NW–SE alignments, indicative of hydrothermal alterations linked to mineral deposits. The analytical signal map identified amplitude values ranging from 0.004 nT/m to 0.073 nT/m, with low and intermediate magnetic intensities linked to sediment-filled basement rocks and possible limestone and sandstone formations. High-gradient anomalies, 1.280 nT/m to 1.374 nT/m, were attributed to geological contacts, fractures, dykes, and hydrothermal vents. Depth estimates from the source parameter imaging map revealed hydrothermal and structural zones at depths ranging from 287.9 m to 1360.7 m, with deeper sources >1202.1 m indicating tectonic activity and mineralization potential. The FVD and Tilt Derivative maps further highlighted faulted zones, shear structures, and intrusive bodies with intensities between 0.031 nT/m and 0.041 nT/m, suggesting active tectonics. High magnetic anomalies in the central, northeastern, and southeastern regions were identified as prime targets for exploration, indicating magnetite-rich bodies, igneous intrusions, and hydrothermal zones. Integrated exploration strategies combining geophysical, geochemical, and structural data are recommended to refine anomaly delineation, prioritize field validation, and enhance mineralization discovery. These findings establish the Share area as a promising site for regional mineral exploration, supporting Nigeria’s diversification efforts toward sustainable resource development.
Analysis of Forest Cover in the Tumba-Lediima Nature Reserve (RTL-DRC) Frey, Sylvestre; Musas, André Musas A; Kibamba, Nestor Anzola; Mboma, Sebastien Kidushi; Simboni, Tege Simboni; Asidi, Djonive Munene
Indonesian Journal of Earth Sciences Vol. 5 No. 1 (2025): January-June
Publisher : MO.RI Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.52562/injoes.2025.1307

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of forest cover in the Tumba-Lediima Nature Reserve between 2010 and 2022, a period marked by increasing anthropogenic pressures.  The main drivers of deforestation identified are agricultural expansion, illegal exploitation of forest resources and urbanization. These activities have led to the fragmentation of critical habitats, putting endemic and threatened species at risk, while also compromising the ecological integrity of the reserve. Furthermore, local communities face diminished livelihoods due to reduced access to natural resources. These dynamics lead to a critical loss of biodiversity, affecting critical habitats and compromising the livelihoods of local communities. Using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite imagery, combined with NDVI calculation and supervised classifications validated by a high Kappa coefficient, this study provides an accurate mapping of land cover change. The results reveal an alarming reduction in primary forest cover, accompanied by an increase in secondary forests and fallow land, suggesting limited potential for regeneration. This pattern underscores the urgent need to address the drivers of deforestation through targeted actions. These trends call for urgent conservation measures, including the targeted regeneration of degraded areas, the strengthening of environmental laws and the integration of local communities in the sustainable management of resources. By proposing concrete strategies in the short, medium and long term, this study offers essential perspectives for preserving the biodiversity and ecological resilience of the reserve. By proposing actionable strategies in the short, medium, and long term, this study provides a roadmap for preserving not only the biodiversity and ecological resilience of the reserve but also offers scalable solutions for similar tropical forest regions facing comparable challenges.

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